横井 克幸

UNLABELLED: Propionic acidemia (PA) is a known cause of secondary dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). However, little is known about how diet and heart failure treatment impact long-term cardiac outcomes in adult PA patients. We report the successful treatment of metabolic disease and secondary DCM-associated heart failure in a 20-year-old male patient with neonatal-onset PA and intellectual disability. At age 19 years, echocardiography had revealed DCM without impaired cardiac contractility. At age 20 years, he developed heart failure, presumably from a common cold infection, and was hospitalized. Acute heart failure treatment improved his symptoms, leading to discharge, but they worsened again, necessitating re-admission. He then was discharged only after successfully adding carvedilol and pimobendan to his medication. Six weeks later, however, he developed hyperammonemia with elevated serum propionyl carnitine and decreased free carnitine levels. He received acute phase treatment for this metabolic crisis and his diet therapy was readjusted, including by reducing natural protein. In the following 5 years, while continuing and slightly adapting heart failure medication and dietary regimens, the patient's cardiac function stably improved and his diuretic dose could be reduced. Our findings support that careful diet therapy and modulation of heart failure medication can improve cardiac function in PA patients with DCM. LEARNING OBJECTIVE: Neonatal-onset propionic acidemia (PA) tends to be the most severe form of PA and life-threatening metabolic disease. Even if the impact of the disease can be ameliorated by adapting the diet, later in life these patients often develop symptoms such as intellectual disability, metabolic crises, and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), as observed in this case. This case demonstrates that heart failure medication and dietary therapy can help protect against metabolic disease and DCM-associated heart failure in an adult patient with neonatal-onset PA.

Huntington disease (HD) is caused by inherited CAG expansions, which continue expanding somatically in affected brain regions to hasten disease onset and progression. Therapeutically diminishing somatic expansions is expected to be clinically beneficial. However, it is not known if interventionally modifying somatic CAG expansions will actually modify in vivo clinically-relevant phenotypes, what the therapeutic window is, or which phenotypes will be altered. Here we show that acute (6-week) delivery of the contraction-inducing slipped-CAG DNA ligand naphthyridine-azaquinolone to young (4-week-old) (CAG)120 HD mice, induces contractions throughout brain regions, improves motor function (locomotion, balance, coordination, muscle strength), molecular disease landmarks (mHTT aggregates, nuclear envelope morphology, nucleocytoplasmic mRNA transport, transcriptomic dysregulation, neuroinflammation), and neurodegeneration. Beneficial effects of modifying somatic expansions were also evident in muscle and blood, where blood CAG instability correlated with brain instability and blood serum had diminished levels of neurofilament light (a biomarker for neurodegeneration) - offering blood as having elements of target engagement and efficacy. These data support that targeting somatic repeat expansions can be a rapid disease-modifying therapeutic avenue for HD and possibly other repeat expansion diseases. Our findings support an etiologic pathway interconnected to somatic CAG expansions that will inform the design of clinical trials expecting clinical benefit by modulating somatic expansions.

The hyper-unstable Chr9p21 locus, harbouring the interferon gene cluster, oncogenes and C9orf72, is linked to multiple diseases. C9orf72 (GGGGCC)n expansions (C9orf72Exp) are associated with incompletely penetrant amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia and autoimmune disorders. C9orf72Exp patients display hyperactive cGAS-STING-linked interferon immune and DNA damage responses, but the source of immunostimulatory or damaged DNA is unknown. Here, we show C9orf72Exp in pre-symptomatic and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-frontotemporal dementia patient cells and brains cause the folate-sensitive chromosomal fragile site, FRA9A. FRA9A centers on >33 kb of C9orf72 as highly compacted chromatin embedded in an 8.2 Mb fragility zone spanning 9p21, encompassing 46 genes, making FRA9A one of the largest fragile sites. C9orf72Exp cells show chromosomal instability, heightened global- and Chr9p-enriched sister-chromatid exchanges, truncated-Chr9s, acentric-Chr9s and Chr9-containing micronuclei, providing endogenous sources of damaged and immunostimulatory DNA. Cells from one C9orf72Exp patient contained a highly rearranged FRA9A-expressing Chr9 with Chr9-wide dysregulated gene expression. Somatic C9orf72Exp repeat instability and chromosomal fragility are sensitive to folate deficiency. Age-dependent repeat instability, chromosomal fragility and chromosomal instability can be transferred to CNS and peripheral tissues of transgenic C9orf72Exp mice, implicating C9orf72Exp as the source. Our results highlight unappreciated effects of C9orf72 expansions that trigger vitamin-sensitive chromosome fragility, adding structural variations to the disease-enriched 9p21 locus, and likely elsewhere.

症例は5歳女児で、発熱、悪心、胸痛を主訴とした。砂遊びによる両手指の慢性湿疹に対して外用加療中であり、近医受診後も発熱が持続し、入院時には胸骨直上に辺縁不明瞭な発赤、腫脹を認め、CT検査で胸骨体の両側に低吸収帯を認めた。感染症の疑いで抗菌薬治療を開始し、血液培養でメチシリン耐性黄色ブドウ球菌(MRSA)が同定されたため、バンコマイシン(VCM)を併用した。その結果、解熱と胸痛の軽快が得られ、MRSAによる原発性胸骨骨髄炎と診断した。その後はCRP陰性化を確認してリネゾリド内服に変更し、VCMと併せて計6週間の抗MRSA薬による治療を行ったところ、炎症の再燃や血小板減少は認めなかった。本症例では手指の慢性湿疹が感染経路と考えられ、慢性湿疹を背景に持つ患児では薬剤耐性菌による全身性の感染症に留意する必要があると考えられた。