安藤 達也

Cisplatin is a chemotherapeutic agent used to treat many types of malignant tumors. However, irrespective of its potent anticancer properties and efficacy, nephrotoxicity is the dose-limiting factor of cisplatin treatment. Cisplatin infiltrates renal tubular cells in the kidneys and is metabolized by cysteine conjugate-beta lyase 1 (CCBL1) to form highly reactive thiol-cisplatin; this may mediate cisplatin's nephrotoxicity. Therefore, CCBL1 inhibition may prevent cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Using a high-throughput screening assay, we identified 2',4',6'-trihydroxyacetophenone (THA) as an inhibitor of CCBL1. THA inhibited human CCBL1 β-elimination activity in a concentration-dependent manner. We further investigated the preventive effect of THA on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. THA attenuated the effect of cisplatin on the viability of confluent renal tubular cells (LLC-PK1 cells) but had no effect on cisplatin-induced reduction of proliferation in the tumor cell lines (LLC and MDA-MB-231). THA pretreatment significantly attenuated cisplatin-induced increases in blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, cell damage score, and apoptosis of renal tubular cells in mice in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, THA pretreatment attenuated cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity without compromising its antitumor activities in mice bearing subcutaneous syngeneic LLC tumors. THA could help prevent cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and may provide a new strategy for cisplatin-inclusive cancer treatments.

Cisplatin is a chemotherapeutic agent used to treat many types of malignant tumors. However, irrespective of its potent anticancer properties and efficacy, nephrotoxicity is the dose-limiting factor of cisplatin treatment. Cisplatin infiltrates renal tubular cells in the kidneys and is metabolized by cysteine conjugate-beta lyase 1 (CCBL1) to form highly reactive thiol-cisplatin; this may mediate cisplatin's nephrotoxicity. Therefore, CCBL1 inhibition may prevent cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Using a high-throughput screening assay, we identified 2',4',6'-trihydroxyacetophenone (THA) as an inhibitor of CCBL1. THA inhibited human CCBL1 beta-elimination activity in a concentration-dependent manner. We further investigated the preventive effect of THA on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. THA attenuated the effect of cisplatin on the viability of confluent renal tubular cells (LLC-PK1 cells) but had no effect on cisplatin-induced reduction of proliferation in the tumor cell lines (LLC and MDA-MB-231). THA pre-treatment significantly attenuated cisplatin-induced increases in blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, cell damage score, and apoptosis of renal tubular cells in mice in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, THA pre-treatment attenuated cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity without compromising its anti-tumor activities in mice bearing subcutaneous syngeneic LLC tumors. THA could help prevent cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and may provide a new strategy for cisplatin-inclusive cancer treatments.

Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory disease caused by a bacterial infection that leads to severe mortality, especially in elderly patients, because of an excessive immune response and impaired regulatory functions. Antibiotic treatment is widely accepted as the first-line therapy for sepsis; however, its excessive use has led to the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria in patients with sepsis. Therefore, immunotherapy may be effective in treating sepsis. Although CD8+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are known to have immunomodulatory effects in various inflammatory diseases, their role during sepsis remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of CD8+ Tregs in an LPS-induced endotoxic shock model in young (8-12 wk old) and aged (18-20 mo old) mice. The adoptive transfer of CD8+ Tregs into LPS-treated young mice improved the survival rate of LPS-induced endotoxic shock. Moreover, the number of CD8+ Tregs in LPS-treated young mice increased through the induction of IL-15 produced by CD11c+ cells. In contrast, LPS-treated aged mice showed a reduced induction of CD8+ Tregs owing to the limited production of IL-15. Furthermore, CD8+ Tregs induced by treatment with the rIL-15/IL-15Rα complex prevented LPS-induced body wight loss and tissue injury in aged mice. In this study, to our knowledge, the induction of CD8+ Tregs as novel immunotherapy or adjuvant therapy for endotoxic shock might reduce the uncontrolled immune response and ultimately improve the outcomes of endotoxic shock.

The partial loss of liver due to liver transplantation or acute liver failure induces rapid liver regeneration. Recently, we reported that the selective inhibition of indoleamine 2,3‑dioxygenase (Ido) 1 promotes early liver regeneration. However, the role of Ido2 in liver regeneration remains unclear. Wild‑type (WT) and Ido2‑deficient (Ido2‑KO) mice were subjected to 70% partial hepatectomy (PHx). Hepatocyte growth was measured using immunostaining. The mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines and production of kynurenine in intrahepatic mononuclear cells (MNCs) were analyzed using reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR and high‑performance liquid chromatography. The activation of NF‑κB was determined by both immunocytochemistry and western blotting analysis. The ratio of liver to body weight and the frequency of proliferation cells after PHx were significantly higher in Ido2‑KO mice compared with in WT mice. The expression of IL‑6 and TNF‑α in MNCs were transiently increased in Ido2‑KO mice. The nuclear transport of NF‑κB was significantly higher in peritoneal macrophages of Ido2‑KO mice compared with WT mice. These results suggested that Ido2 deficiency resulted in transiently increased production of inflammatory cytokines through the activation of NF‑kB, thereby promoting liver regeneration. Therefore, the regulation of Ido2 expression in MNCs may play a therapeutic role in liver regeneration under injury and disease conditions.