桑原 考史

<p>The objective of this study is to investigate relationships between environmentally friendly farming practices and farm size through a case study of the rice farming certification system and the 13 farms in Sado City. The main results are as follows. First, it seems that larger farms have an inclination to practice certificated farming and that the area a farm has has been annually increasing. Second, however, thus positive correlation does not exist for non-chemical farming, owing to weeding labor. Third, each farm practices either labor saving or mass input of the labor, depending on their form.</p>

1. 栃木県南西部に位置する佐野市氷室地区において,耕作放棄地に成立する植物群落の違いに着目して集落周辺の環境を区分し,イノシシの生息痕跡の分布との関係を明らかにすることを目的とした. 2. 調査地域における86地点の耕作放棄地において植生調査を実施し,クラスター解析によって種組成を類型化したうえで,各類型を反映させた環境区分図を作成した.さらに,調査地域において約1km^2の調査区を設置し,2010年11月,2011年2月,5月,8月にイノシシの生息痕跡調査を実施した. 3. クラスター解析の結果,調査地域の耕作放棄地に成立する植物群落は管理の状態や土壌の乾湿を反映し,メヒシバ-オヒシバ群落(C1a),アキノエノコログサ-ハルジオン群落(C1b),イヌビエ-コブナグサ群落(C2),ヨモギ-ヘビイチゴ群落(C3a),ススキ-セイタカアワダチソウ群落(C3b),アズマネザサ群落(C4)の6つの類型に区分された. 4. イノシシの採餌痕跡は,C3a,C3b,C4において年間を通じて最も多く確認された.また,秋から冬にかけてはC1aおよびC1b,庭,果樹園において春から夏にかけてはC2,竹林,河川においてそれぞれイノシシの採餌痕跡が多く確認された.イノシシの休息痕跡は8月にC3bとC4で多く確認された. 5. 耕作放棄地に成立する植物群落のなかでも,遷移の進行したC3bやC4における刈り取りなどの植生管理はイノシシによる被害を抑制するうえでもっとも重要であると考えられた.

野生動物による農作物被害が深刻化している。こうした中で鳥獣被害防止特措法が2008年に成立し,市町村や集落を主体とした被害防止対策に助成金を支給する仕組みが整備された。本稿は,効率的な獣害対策が実現している事例として団地的土地利用下における単位面積当たりの防除柵設置･管理コストを試算し,政策支援額の目安を提示するとともに,制度設計に示唆を与えた。事例として,集落内のほぼ全ての水田圃場を集積している営農法人における,イノシシ被害防止を目的とした山際のワイヤーメッシュ柵設置･管理を取り上げる。柵の物財費や設置･管理にかかる労働費等のデータの収集は,柵設置主体である営農法人からの聞き取り調査により行なった。

Over the last century, human activity has caused significant changes to the activity patterns of many wildlife species. The wild boar is one species known to change its activity pattern with the intensity of human disturbance. We conducted camera trap surveys in two study sites, Shingo and Himuro, in Tochigi, central Japan. We investigated effects of two types of human disturbance on the activity pattern of a wild boar population: 'direct' disturbance related to hunting activity and 'indirect' disturbance related to daily human activity. In the hunting season, relative abundance indices (RAI) of wild boars significantly decreased, and the proportion of activity at night increased compared with the nonhunting season. RAI of wild boars at night decreased with increasing distance from the settlement, while RAI of wild boars during the day did not. Relative proportion of activity at night was higher in cameras at 0-200 m from the settlements, while no significant pattern was found in cameras far from settlements. Both direct and indirect effects of human activity had a significant effect on the activity pattern of wild boars. A decrease in human activity may result in the rapid expansion of wild boar populations, and re-evaluation of the human factor is important for more intelligent management of wild boar populations and to solve the human-wildlife conflict.

Practices of rural accommodations in ski resort areas are one form of rural tourism in Japan. It is considered that various practices coexist in such areas because of the diversity of accommodation management and needs. This paper reveals the condition and viewpoints about the coexistence of such types of rural tourism through a case study of the Hanasaku district, Katashina village, Gunma prefecture. Two practices exist at Hanasaku district: a mediation by Katashina agricultural cooperative and an accommodation practice. The former provides learning experiences on farming and rural activities to schools from metropolitan areas and has been one form of support for the accommodation management since about 20 years ago, providing tourists to many accommodations in the area. The latter is an attraction and service facility for tourists at the active accommodations which reflect facility preferences, meaning there are various services, such as local meals, guided walks and so on. Thus, while the two practices are different in terms of practice agents, positions in accommodation management and needs, they are coexisting in their objective and conclusion. There is a possibility of change in each accommodation with the change of managerial intention and household condition.