稲葉 佳奈子

The purpose of this paper was to consider the image of woman physical educator in the secondary school at the Meiji era. It is generally agreed that the evaluation of the woman physical educator was lower than the other woman during the prewar period. On the contrary, it is clear that the highly educated woman became a physical educator. These two facts are mutually incompatible. The question now arises: is it true that the evaluation of the woman physical educator of secondary school was lower than the other woman? Three points seem to be helpful in attempting to sketch out that question: (1) the aspects of the academic evaluation of physical education for female; (2) the social status of woman physical educator; (3) the human relations of teachers in the secondary school.<br>Result of consideration, the image of woman physical educator has been molded by many reasons. One is that the unfavorable view of females physical activity and exercise. Another reason is the low opinion for women educator. Added to these reasons, the academic evaluation of physical education for female was an important factor.<br>These results lead to the conclusion that the social status of the woman physical educator was not necessarily lower than the other women.

The purpose of this study is to clarify a contemporary meaning of discourse concerning the suicide of Kokichi Tsuburaya who was a marathon runner in the Olympic games in Tokyo, 1964.<br>Tsuburayas death was continually talked about in the newspaper and magazines, and discourse related to the suicide of Tsuburaya was reproduced.<br>It was pointed out that the nation and the Self Defense Forces had caused "pressure" for Tsuburaya. In worldwide competitions including the Olympic games, contemporary athletes receive "pressure" as Tsuburaya.However, the difference with the generation of Tsuburayas was clearly shown, and the conversion of the "ethos of sports" was pointed out. As a result of Tsuburayas death it brought meaning as follows:<br>Through Tsuburayas, it was recognized that athletes undertake an excessive expectation from those around them, and social pressures over winning or defeat. It is thought that the death of Tsuburaya made clear the problem of identity loss for athletes. In addition, "recognition that modern athletes represent the nation"and "preferable attitude to competitive sport" is recognized. A definite link can be made between the "ethos of sport" and "Tsuburaya" which reproduces a (standard) discourse.

The present study was carried out in order to examine critically, from a feminist perspective, the identity politics of female physical education (PE) teachers and its limitations. The points discussed include how female PE teachers have acquired their own territory in the cultural field of PE, the basis of the identity politics they face, and why the Japan Association of Physical Education for Women (JAPEW) has placed such high emphasis on dance-education. The present study was based on articles written by PE teachers in some PE journals. As pointed out by a number of researchers, there has been widespread and strong gender bias in the field of sport and PE in Japan. In this situation, female PE teachers have had to be politically active in establishing their own value and territory in the field of PE. Members of the JAPEW have considered dance-education to be an affirmative aspect of the organization, and have used it as a strategy to avoid being buried in the male-oriented field of PE. An important facet of this political view has been the concept of "the special character of the female". However, the gender politics of female PE teachers have created a number of problems: First, female PE teachers have been placed in a very narrow category, dance-education. Second, this has led to the exclusion of female PE teachers who are not proficient in dance-teaching. Thus, a "center/periphery" hierarchy of female PE teachers has been created, and this has limited the identity politics of female teachers in the field of PE.