藤稿 亜矢子

<p>Tourism sites under increasing pressures is expected to apply the concept of "Tourism Carrying Capacity (TCC)" for planning and management. In the context of natural protected areas, it is said that considering various managerial dimensions and tourists' experiential dimensions with resource dimensions to determine the extent of changes that are acceptable is more realistic, as ecosystem changes are dynamic and cannot be easily identified over short periods. This approach is known as the "Limits of Acceptable Change" (LAC)", but the LAC approach and its methodologies are still evolving. This study therefore aimed to develop a framework for measuring the experiential dimension of the LAC approach, focusing on the Rock Islands Southern Lagoon (RISL) in Palau. We used six indicators defined through the preliminary research, and did experimental surveys with the structured questionnaire, the line census and the noise investigation for collecting both subjective and objective data. Results indicated that tourists' experiential satisfaction was remarkably high which could outweigh concerns about congestion.</p><p>On the other hand, the analysis of the relation among indicators illustrated a candidate threshold of the number of visitors at a time, although we cannot be decisive with only one-time research. From the perspective of the evaluation of the methods, we found that subjective data was not effective in some cases as they could be too affected by personal background to reproduce an actual condition at the site. Further research including surveys on the resource dimension are needed for obtaining more reliable results for developing the LAC approach.</p>

<p>Argments on the best scheme of conservation and natural resource management (NRM) have been developed for more than half a century. Each period had its own challenges,which were recognized later, and decentralized approaches incorporating the concerns of local communities gained attention since the eighties as a consequence of past failures. However,community-based approaches also have challenges, especially lacking of financial and human resources in local communities. On the other hand, ecotourism emerged in the early eighties as an effective tool to provide financial resources for conservation and for local communities as well as to improve environmental awareness of local people. Summarizing the theories of these two approaches, community-based ecotourism (CBET) is supposed to be a good tool for NRM by contributing toward meeting the challenge of community-based approaches. Therefore, in order to examine the hypothesis, this study focuses on CBET in Cambodia where 73% of people still live in rural areas and are directly dependent on natural resources. The result from a model case indicates that CBET has a potential for support sustainable NRM; on the other hand, it is revealed that most of CBET sites in Cambodia are poorly assessed and still under development. Further research on CBET is urgently needed in Cambodia for the nation's sustainable NRM.</p>

We have developed a system that streams and archives live sound from remote areas across Japan via an unmanned automatic camera. The system was used to carry out pilot bird censuses in woodland; this allowed us to examine the use of live sound transmission and the role of social media as a mediator in remote scientific monitoring. The system has been streaming sounds 8 h per day for more than five years. We demonstrated that: (1) the transmission of live sound from a remote woodland could be used effectively to monitor birds in a remote location; (2) the simultaneous involvement of several participants via Internet Relay Chat to listen to live sound transmissions could enhance the accuracy of census data collection; and (3) interactions through Twitter allowed members of the public to engage or help with the remote monitoring of birds and experience inaccessible nature through the use of novel technologies.

Today, in Japan, the economical value of forest is degraded because of its lack of benefit ; thus it is required to focus on multifunctionality of forest and to rebuild its values so that as many as people can recognize the importance of forest management. The government is promoting green volunteer activities in order to broaden the knowledge of forest management. However, there is not a specific policy yet how to sustain these voluntary activities. Applying the social capital (SC) concept, this study aims to investigate the potential value of the voluntary green activities as well as the underlying aspect which is related to its sustainability. SC, the concept which has gained relevance since the nineties in many different spheres, is expected to create and promote the mutually beneficial collective action. This study develops the SC verification matrix which helps to classify and to verify six type of SC. The matrix applied to analyze a case study of a NPO which regularly conduct the green activities in the green conservation area in Hachioji, Tokyo. As a result, it is revealed that the green volunteer activity contributed to SC creation and stock, which has positive effects on members motivation as well as on knowledge sharing.

東京大学秩父演習林では、1995年より2台の森林映像記録ロボットカメラによる森林景観のビデオ記録が続けられている。定点定時の記録動画と音声は、森林の日々の様子を直感的に感ずることのできる環境学習コンテンツになると考えた。本研究では、小学校の総合学習において、環境教育の映像教材を利用する可能性のある3年生以上の小学生を視聴者と想定し、2003年1月6日から2004年1月5日の1年間の森林映像データと気象データをデジタル化し、24節季72候の暦に従って、候単位で映像記録をとりまとめたデジタルコンテンツを試作した。メディアは、1候を1枚のカードにレイアウトデザインした印刷物とPDFファイル、1候を1チャプターとして日々の映像と音声、及び気温の時間変化グラフを視聴できるビデオ再生画面レイアウトをデザインしたDVDを作成した。またPDFファイルとDVDファイルをダウンロードできるWebサイトには、森林映像記録ロボットカメラについて視聴者に理解できるように平易な文章で解説を掲載し、デジタルコンテンツを配信できるようにした。試作を通じて、印刷物とDVDを一緒に視聴することで、印刷物を見ながらDVDで映像を選択して視聴する方法や、逆にDVD映像を見ながらその前後をカードで一覧するなどの使い方があることが分かった。森林の日々の様子を擬似的にでも感じる際に、印刷物とDVDとが相互に補完するメディアとしてデザインすることが必要だと思われる。本研究での試作を通じて明らかになったデザインを踏まえ、さらに洗練したデジタルコンテンツを新たに制作し、森林環境の変化を子供達が感じ取れるデジタルコンテンツの評価実験を小学校の教員との共同で進めたい。

Today, the involvement of local communities becomes increasingly important for natural resource management. This study focuses on 'community-based forest management (CBFM)' and outlines a case from Tanzania in order to identify underlying causes and influencing factors. Study results showed an existing gap between the government's picture of CBFM Although acted in good faith, community-based approaches can have unforeseen reverse effects. To be effective, forest policy must include practical guidelines and financial support and integrate local knowledge and experience. Both interviews and questionnaires have shown the potential willing of people to be more involved in forest management. These unused human recourses could be mobilised by means of awareness raising campaigns, practical guidelines, and a better distribution of information.