新保 奈穂美

国際的な立場から、都市にとって重要な歴史的空間の整備を考える上で、ベルリンの壁の跡地は大変興味深い研究対象である。そこで、本研究の目的は、ベルリンの壁の跡地利用の実態を解明するために、チェックポイント・チャーリー（CpC）に注目した。壁の崩壊後の計画プロセスと合意形成に関する包括的な文献調査により、以下の4点が明らかになった。1）他の都心開発事業と同様に、チェックポイント・チャーリーは、市民参加が集中的に行われている。2）チェックポイント・チャーリーでは、壁の崩壊から30年以上経過した今でも具体的な整備事業が実現化していない。3）チェックポイント・チャーリーは、ベルリンの歴史性の解釈の難しさと、計画実現の不確実性を反映している。4）法定の都市計画は、公共性の担保と合意形成の促進には役立っている。

<p>コミュニティガーデン（CG）は社会問題の解決に資する多機能的な空間として認知されている。しかし、その運営は不安定なことが多く、行政支援が必要である。本研究はドイツの社会都市プログラムに着目し、ベルリン市のCGが地域・地区の住環境向上の名目のもとどのように支援されているのかを明らかにする。関連主体のインタビュー調査により明らかになったのは、同プログラムは新規CGのためにコーディネーターとなる企業・組織を確保し、初期費用を助成していたことである。一方、既存CGへは発展的な活動に使える資金を助成していた。結論として、社会都市プログラムは新規あるいは既存のコミュニティガーデンプロジェクトに対して資金や関係主体調整の面で支援をしていたといえる。</p>

The paper examines community benefits provided by an established community garden following a major earthquake and discusses possible implications for community garden planning and design in disaster-prone cities. Recent studies show that following extreme storm events community gardens can supply food, enhance social empowerment, provide safe gathering spots, and restorative practices, to remind people of normality. However, the beneficial role played by community gardens following earthquakes is less well known. To fill this gap, the study examines the role played by a community garden in Christchurch, New Zealand, following the 2010/2011 Canterbury Earthquakes. The garden's role is evaluated based on a questionnaire-based survey and in-depth interviews with gardeners, as well as on data regarding the garden use before and after the earthquakes. Findings indicate the garden helped gardeners cope with the post-quake situation. The garden served as an important place to de-stress, share experiences, and gain community support. Garden features that reportedly supported disaster recovery include facilities that encourage social interaction and bonding such as central meeting and lunc

<p>All cities need to effectively plan green space to control irregular land development or utilize abandoned plots for a sustainable future. This article examines how Munich achieved sustainable development with a green belt policy that included self-harvesting plots. The data was collected through an interview with a civil servant, relevant planning documents published by the municipality, and field surveys. It was found that the municipality started conserving agricultural fields as a green belt based on a survey from the 1980s on agricultural lands and businesses, most of which were then in danger of disappearing. In addition, other ecologically important areas were added to the green belt. The number of self-harvesting plots used by urban residents has increased since 1999. The locations of these plots are carefully planned, considering soil conditions and water availability in the proximity of apartments without gardens. The plots are connected to other green spaces and can be accessed on foot or by public transport. Some spatial differences were observed among the plots, especially in terms of their openness, depending on their ownership. It is expected that self-harvesting

For making appropriate plans for urban gardening, both planners’ and users’ viewpoints should be taken into consideration. This study investigates the change of urban gardening in Japan focusing on the viewpoints of the abovementioned stakeholders through literature reviews and discusses the findings in light of the current urban gardening situation. As a result, three periods of change were elucidated. Firstly, since the 1920s, planners accepted the concept of European allotment gardens and established allotment gardens on agricultural lands or in parks. However, they did not consider users’ demands and consequently allotment gardens did not gain in popularity. Secondly, since the 1960s, allotment gardens were spontaneously established on agricultural lands by users. Planners supported this movement in the beginning, but gradually put more emphasis on interests of owners of agricultural lands with the decline of agriculture as industry. Therefore, the laws for allotment gardens were established in order to primarily utilize agricultural lands efficiently instead of considering the demands of the actual users. Thirdly, since the 2000s, various lands started to be used for var

For making appropriate plans for urban gardening, both planners' and users' viewpoints should be taken into consideration. This study investigates the change of urban gardening in Japan focusing on the viewpoints of the abovementioned stakeholders through literature reviews and discusses the findings in light of the current urban gardening situation. As a result, three periods of change were elucidated. Firstly, since the 1920s, planners accepted the concept of European allotment gardens and established allotment gardens on agricultural lands or in parks. However, they did not consider users' demands and consequently allotment gardens did not gain in popularity. Secondly, since the 1960s, allotment gardens were spontaneously established on agricultural lands by users. Planners supported this movement in the beginning, but gradually put more emphasis on interests of owners of agricultural lands with the decline of agriculture as industry. Therefore, the laws for allotment gardens were established in order to primarily utilize agricultural lands efficiently instead of considering the demands of the actual users. Thirdly, since the 2000s, various lands started to be used for various g

都市農地の環境保全機能を発現する方策として，都市住民が主導し，近隣由来の有機性廃棄物を農地に還元し，それを農作物生産のための堆肥として利用するシステムの構築が考えられる．本研究は，その際に課題となる，(1)有機性廃棄物の収集量の実態と調整方法，および，(2)有機性廃棄物の処理における都市住民の関与の実態と調整方法という2点から実在の事例の実態解明を行った．(1)に関しては，有機性廃棄物収集量の実測調査および収集の背景情報をインタビュー等で把握した結果，収集量の調整は科学的知見と経験的な知識をもとに，リーダーの判断で収集量が調整されていたことがわかった．これにより適正な量の有機性廃棄物の収集が可能となったといえる．(2)に関しては，有機性廃棄物の処理に携わった都市住民の作業時間・内容についてアンケート調査を行った結果，都市住民の関与の強さに応じて作業分担が行われていたことがわかった．これにより，広く都市住民

In Vienna, in 1992 the municipality created a new zoning class, “EKLW: a recreational area Kleingarten for all year living”. Wiener Kleingartengesetz (the Viennese Allotment Gardens Act) was then amended so that gardeners could build a larger house in EKLW-type Kleingärten. This study investigates the amendment’s influence on the spatial characteristics of Kleingärten focusing on housing renovation. The comparison of traced land use in 2011 with the data of the past study in 1999 demonstrated that EKLW-type Kleingärten actually have larger houses than EKL-type Kleingärten and that the largest variation in house areas were found in the older EKLW-type Kleingärten. The main reasons for this, inferred from interviews with the gardeners, were as follows: that some of small houses built initially for seasonal stays still remain as they have been because the gardeners have used their plots for a long time or have inherited their plots with memories of their family; and that old narrow paths demand extra costs for housing renovations. In contrast, the newer EKLW-type Kleingärten have only houses large enough to live in year round. Thus, both the older and newer EKLW-type Klein