Takehiro Kazama

Cyanobacterial and microalgae blooms negatively affect ecological environments. One of the emerging problems of these blooms occurs in calcareous caves, where visible lighting systems in tourist caves induce the formation of photosynthetic biofilms known as lampenflora on rock surfaces. In this study, we evaluated the inactivation effect of ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation at 222 nm (rare gas halide lamp) and 254 nm (mercury lamp) on cyanobacteria and microalgae in a laboratory and on lampenflora in Ryusenshindo Cave in Japan. Based on the laboratory experiments, irradiation at 222-nm was more effective than that at 254-nm for degrading plants. The photosensitivity of chlorophyll-a was higher at 222 nm than at 254 nm. The results using pulse amplitude modulation fluorometry indicated that the photosystem Ⅱinhibition rate was higher than the Chl-a bleaching rate and the cell degradation rate at both 222 and 254 nm. Because the narrow spectral-band light of 222 nm is considered safer for mammalian skin and eyes than the conventional 254 nm, UV irradiation at 222 nm can be used for tourist passages in caves during visitor time to prevent lampenflora formation.

Global climate change and anthropogenic oligotrophication are expected to reshape the dynamics of primary production (PP) in aquatic ecosystems; however, few studies have explored their long-term effects. In theory, the PP of phytoplankton in Lake Biwa may decline over decades due to warming, heightened stratification, and anthropogenic oligotrophication. Furthermore, the PP of large phytoplankton, which are inedible to zooplankton, along with biomass-specific productivity (PBc), could decrease. In this study, data from 1976-2021 and active fluorometry measurements taken in 2020 and 2021 were evaluated. Quantitatively, the temporal dynamics of mean seasonal PP during 1971-2021 were assessed according to the carbon fixation rate to investigate relationships among environmental factors. Qualitatively, phytoplankton biomass, PP, and PBc were measured in two size fractions [edible (S) or inedible (L) for zooplankton] in 2020 and 2021, and the L:S balance for these three measures was compared between 1992 (low-temperature/high-nutrient conditions) and 2020-2021 (high-temperature/low-nutrient conditions) to assess seasonal dynamics. The results indicated that climate change and anthropogenic oligotrophication over the past 50 years have diminished Lake Biwa's PP since the 1990s, impacting the phenology of PP dynamics. However, the L:S balance in PP and PBc has exhibited minimal change since 1992. These findings suggest that, although climate change and oligotrophication may reduce overall PP, they do not markedly alter the inedible/edible phytoplankton balance in terms of PP and PBc. Instead, as total PP declines, the production of small edible phytoplankton decreases proportionally, potentially affecting trophic transfer efficiency and material cycling in Lake Biwa.

Terrestrial organic matter (t-OM) has been recognized as an important cross-boundary subsidy to aquatic ecosystems. However, recent evidence has shown that t-OM contributes little to promote secondary production in lakes because it is a low-quality food for aquatic consumers. To resolve this conflict, we performed a field experiment using leaf litter as t-OM. In the experiment, we monitored zooplankton biomass in enclosures with and without addition of leaf litter under shaded and unshaded conditions and assessed food web changes with stable isotope analyses. We then examined whether or not leaf litter indeed stimulates lake secondary production and, if it does, which food chain, the detritus-originated food chain (“brown” food chain) or the algae-originated food chain (“green” food chain), contributes more to this increase. Analyses with stable isotopes showed the importance of t-OM in supporting secondary production under ambient lake conditions. However, the addition of the leaf litter increased the zooplankton biomass under unshaded conditions but not under shaded conditions. We found that phosphorus was leached from leaf litter at much faster rate than organic carbon and nitrogen despite its low content in the leaf litter. These results showed that leaf litter stimulated the increase in zooplankton biomass mainly through the green food chain rather than the brown food chain because the leaf litter supplied limiting nutrients (i.e., phosphorus) for primary producers.Our results indicate that the functional stoichiometry of the subsidized organic matter plays a crucial role in determining the relative importance of brown and green food chains in promoting production at higher trophic levels in recipient ecosystems.

<jats:p>Field observations of the population dynamics and measurements of photophysiology in Lake Biwa were conducted by size class (&lt; vs. &gt; 30 μm) from early summer to autumn to investigate the relationships between susceptibility to light stress and cell size. Also, a nutrient bioassay was conducted to clarify whether the growth rate and photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry of small and large phytoplankton are limited by nutrient availability. Large phytoplankton, which have lower intracellular Chl-a concentrations, had higher maximum PSII photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) but lower non-photochemical quenching (NPQ<jats:sub>NSV</jats:sub>) than small phytoplankton under both dark and increased light conditions. The nutrient bioassay revealed that the PSII photochemistry of small phytoplankton was restricted by N and P deficiency at the pelagic site even at the end of the stratification period, while that of large phytoplankton was not. These results suggest that large phytoplankton have lower susceptibility to PSII photodamage than small phytoplankton due to lower intracellular Chl-a concentrations. The size dependency of susceptibility to PSII photoinactivation may play a key role in large algal blooms in oligotrophic water.</jats:p>

Direct measurements of gross primary productivity (GPP) in the water column are essential, but can be spatially and temporally restrictive. Fast repetition rate fluorometry (FRRf) is a bio-optical technique based on chlorophyll <italic>a</italic> (Chl-<italic>a</italic>) fluorescence that can estimate the electron transport rate (ETR_PSII) at photosystem II (PSII) of phytoplankton in real time. However, the derivation of phytoplankton GPP in carbon units from ETR_PSII remains challenging because the electron requirement for carbon fixation (Ф_e,C), which is mechanistically 4 mol e⁻ mol C⁻¹ or above, can vary depending on multiple factors. In addition, FRRf studies are limited in freshwater lakes where phosphorus limitation and cyanobacterial blooms are common. The goal of the present study is to construct a robust Ф_e,C model for freshwater ecosystems using simultaneous measurements of ETR_PSII by FRRf with multi-excitation wavelengths coupled with a traditional carbon fixation rate by the ¹³C method. The study was conducted in oligotrophic and mesotrophic parts of Lake Biwa from July 2018 to May 2019. The combination of excitation light at 444, 512 and 633 nm correctly estimated ETR_PSII of cyanobacteria. The apparent range of Ф_e,C in the phytoplankton community was 1.1–31.0 mol e⁻ mol C⁻¹ during the study period. A generalised linear model showed that the best fit including 12 physicochemical and biological factors explained 67% of the variance in Ф_e,C. Among all factors, water temperature was the most significant, while photosynthetically active radiation intensity was not. This study quantifies the <italic>in situ</italic> FRRf method in a freshwater ecosystem, discusses core issues in the methodology to calculate Ф_e,C, and assesses the applicability of the method for lake GPP prediction.

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>The biomass ratio of herbivores to primary producers reflects the structure of a community. Four primary factors have been proposed to affect this ratio, including production rate, defense traits and nutrient contents of producers, and predation by carnivores. However, identifying the joint effects of these factors across natural communities has been elusive, in part because of the lack of a framework for examining their effects simultaneously. Here, we develop a framework based on Lotka–Volterra equations for examining the effects of these factors on the biomass ratio. We then utilize it to test if these factors simultaneously affect the biomass ratio of freshwater plankton communities. We found that all four factors contributed significantly to the biomass ratio, with carnivore abundance having the greatest effect, followed by producer stoichiometric nutrient content. Thus, the present framework should be useful for examining the multiple factors shaping various types of communities, both aquatic and terrestrial.</jats:p>