鎌野 俊彰

BACKGROUND AND AIM: In colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), post-ESD electrocoagulation syndrome (PECS) has been recognized as one of the major complications. There are no reports on the relationships between ESD findings and PECS. This study aims to evaluate the risk factors for PECS, including ESD findings such as muscularis propria exposure. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent colorectal ESD between January 2017 and December 2021 in Japan. The grade of injury to the muscle layer caused by ESD was categorized as follows: Grade 0, no exposure of muscularis propria; Grade 1, muscularis propria exposure; Grade 2, torn muscularis propria; and Grade 3, colon perforation. The risk factors for PECS, including injury to the muscle layer, were analyzed by univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: Out of 314 patients who underwent colorectal ESD, PECS occurred in 28 patients (8.9%). The multivariate analysis showed that female sex (odds ratio [OR] 3.233; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.264-8.265, P = 0.014), large specimen size (≥ 40 mm) (OR 6.138; 95% CI: 1.317-28.596, P = 0.021), long procedure time (≥ 90 min) (OR 2.664; 95% CI: 1.053-6.742, P = 0.039), and Grade 1 or 2 injury to the muscle layer (OR 3.850; 95% CI: 1.090-13.61, P = 0.036) were independent risk factors for PECS. CONCLUSIONS: Injury to the muscle layer, such as exposure or tear, was identified as a novel independent risk factor for PECS. We should perform colorectal ESD carefully to avoid injuring the muscle layers.

In inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, an excessive immune response due primarily to T-cell lymphocytes causes inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. Lesions in Crohn's disease can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract, i.e., from the oral cavity to the anus. Endoscopically, aphthoid lesions/ulcers believed to be initial lesions progress to discrete ulcers, which coalesce to form a longitudinal array and progress to longitudinal ulcers with a cobblestone appearance, which is a typical endoscopic finding. Before long, complications such as strictures, fistulas, and abscesses form. Lesions in ulcerative colitis generally extend continuously from the rectum and diffusely from a portion of the colon to the entire colon. Endoscopically, lack of vascular pattern, fine granular mucosa, erythema, aphthae, and small yellowish spots are seen in mild cases; coarse mucosa, erosions, small ulcers, bleeding (contact bleeding), and adhesion of mucous, bloody, and purulent discharge in moderate cases; and widespread ulcers and marked spontaneous bleeding in severe cases.

The following are some common features of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) on transabdominal ultrasonography (TUS). UC, which consists primarily of mucosal inflammation, is seen on TUS as wall thickening with preserved layer structure continuing from the rectum in the active phase of UC. Inflammation confined to the mucosa is seen as thickening of the mucosal/submucosal layers. When the inflammation becomes severe, the echogenicity of the submucosal layer decreases and the layer structure becomes indistinct. CD, which consists primarily of discontinuous transmural inflammation, shows more pronounced hypoechoic wall thickening than UC at the transmural inflammation. On TUS, the layer structure becomes indistinct and gradually disappears due to the depth of the myriad inflammation during the active phase of CD. It is important to evaluate the changes in wall thickening and layer structure when diagnosing UC and CD with TUS. In addition, diagnostic techniques such as color Doppler and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography, which can be used to assess blood flow, and elastography, which can be used to evaluate stiffness, are also used. Thus, TUS is a noninvasive and convenient modality that shows promise as a useful examination for diagnosis of UC and CD.

Introduction. Polyethylene glycol-electrolyte lavage solution plus ascorbic acid (PEG-ELS-Asc) has been recommended for colonoscopy, but little is known about the safety of PEG-ELS-Asc in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The aim of this study was to determine its safety and efficacy in CKD patients. Methods. Blood and urine samples prospectively collected before and after same-day bowel preparation for colonoscopy with the conventional volume of PEG-ELS-Asc, vital signs before and after colonoscopy, and adverse events within 30 days postcolonoscopy were analyzed in consenting patients with CKD. The cleansing level was evaluated with the Boston bowel preparation score (BBPS) from colonoscopic findings. Results. Of 57 patients enrolled, 1 was excluded for refusal. Serum bicarbonate significantly dropped, and blood hemoglobin, serum total protein, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, total bilirubin, and uric acid significantly rose after bowel preparation, although these changes were not clinically important. Only in nondialysis patients did the platelet count and potassium significantly rise, although these changes were not clinically important either. Renal function, such as the urea, creatinine, and estimated glomerular filtration rate, was not significantly altered. An adequate bowel cleansing score, <inline-formula> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"> <mtext>BBPS</mtext> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>6</mn> </math> </inline-formula>, was achieved in 94% of patients. The blood pressure and heart rate were not significantly different between before and after colonoscopy in either nondialysis (<inline-formula> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2"> <mi>n</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>32</mn> </math> </inline-formula>) or dialysis (<inline-formula> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M3"> <mi>n</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>19</mn> </math> </inline-formula>) patients. There were no adverse events associated with bowel preparation and colonoscopy within 30 days postcolonoscopy. Conclusions. The conventional volume of same-day bowel preparation with PEG-ELS-Asc may be safe and effective in CKD patients.

30歳代、女性。1型糖尿病と慢性腎不全に対する脳死膵腎同時移植術から2年後、6週間持続する下痢が出現し、当科へ紹介となった。大腸内視鏡では回腸末端にアフタの散在がみられ、盲腸には輪状傾向の幅の狭い潰瘍や瘢痕、散在性に不整形びらんが認められた。また、盲腸からS状結腸にかけては血管透見消失像、orange peel appearanceが観察された。以上、これらの所見を踏まえて、生検を行ったところ、病理組織学的に消化管GVHDと診断された。治療として膵酵素製剤の補充療法を行った結果、下痢は改善した。

便秘症は日常診療でありふれた症状であり,本邦における有病率も高い疾患である.慢性便秘症は以前より腸機能の観点からその機序や治療法が研究されてきた.近年の次世代シーケンサーの登場とその精度向上により,腸内細菌叢の網羅的な解析が可能となり,様々な病気と腸内細菌のかかわりが明らかとなった.慢性便秘症も腸内細菌とその代謝産物が原因の1つとして明らかになりつつあり,その臨床応用が試みられている.慢性便秘症患者の腸内細菌叢の乱れを是正する方法として,プロバイオティクスやプレバイオティクスの有用性が指摘されている.最近ではより豊富な腸内細菌を投与できる糞便移植の臨床応用が試みられている.(著者抄録)

腸管内には、多くの腸内細菌が生息しており、腸内細菌叢を形成している。腸内細菌叢は免疫や代謝などに関与しており、腸内細菌叢の変化が腸疾患や肝疾患だけでなく、全身の疾患や精神疾患の発症にも関与しているといわれている。糞便移植(FMT)は崩れた腸内細菌のバランスを、正常なバランスの腸内細菌を移植することで種々の疾患の治療を試みる方法であり、近年多くの臨床応用が試みられている。本稿では、腸内細菌と疾患の関連とFMTの歴史と臨床応用の現状について概説するとともに、当院で施行しているFMTの臨床成績を紹介する。(著者抄録)