河原 創

Japan Astrometry Satellite Mission for INfrared Exploration (JASMINE) is a planned M-class science space mission by the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. JASMINE has two main science goals. One is the Galactic archaeology with Galactic Center Survey, which aims to reveal the Milky Way's central core structure and formation history from Gaia-level (~25 $\mu$as) astrometry in the Near-Infrared (NIR) Hw-band (1.0-1.6 $\mu$m). The other is the Exoplanet Survey, which aims to discover transiting Earth-like exoplanets in the habitable zone from NIR time-series photometry of M dwarfs when the Galactic center is not accessible. We introduce the mission, review many science objectives, and present the instrument concept. JASMINE will be the first dedicated NIR astrometry space mission and provide precise astrometric information of the stars in the Galactic center, taking advantage of the significantly lower extinction in the NIR. The precise astrometry is obtained by taking many short-exposure images. Hence, the JASMINE Galactic center survey data will be valuable for studies of exoplanet transits, asteroseismology, variable stars and microlensing studies, including discovery of (intermediate mass) black holes. We highlight a swath of such potential science, and also describe synergies with other missions.

Abstract Individual vibrational band spectroscopy presents an opportunity to examine exoplanet atmospheres in detail, by distinguishing where the vibrational state populations of molecules differ from the current assumption of a Boltzmann distribution. Here, retrieving vibrational bands of OH in exoplanet atmospheres is explored using the hot Jupiter WASP-33b as an example. We simulate low-resolution spectroscopic data for observations with the JWST's NIRSpec instrument and use high-resolution observational data obtained from the Subaru InfraRed Doppler instrument (IRD). Vibrational band–specific OH cross-section sets are constructed and used in retrievals on the (simulated) low- and (real) high-resolution data. Low-resolution observations are simulated for two WASP-33b emission scenarios: under the assumption of local thermal equilibrium (LTE) and with a toy non-LTE model for vibrational excitation of selected bands. We show that mixing ratios for individual bands can be retrieved with sufficient precision to allow the vibrational population distributions of the forward models to be reconstructed. A fit for the Boltzmann distribution in the LTE case shows that the vibrational temperature is recoverable in this manner. For high-resolution, cross-correlation applications, we apply the individual vibrational band analysis to an IRD spectrum of WASP-33b, applying an “unpeeling” technique. Individual detection significances for the two strongest bands are shown to be in line with Boltzmann-distributed vibrational state populations, consistent with the effective temperature of the WASP-33b atmosphere reported previously. We show the viability of this approach for analyzing the individual vibrational state populations behind observed and simulated spectra, including reconstructing state population distributions.

Abstract We report on a one-second-cadence wide-field survey for M-dwarf flares using the Tomo-e Gozen camera mounted on the Kiso Schmidt telescope. We detect 22 flares from M3–M5 dwarfs with a rise time of 5 s ≲ trise ≲ 100 s and an amplitude of 0.5 ≲ ΔF/F⋆ ≲ 20. The flare light-curves mostly show steeper rises and shallower decays than those obtained from the Kepler one-minute cadence data and tend to have flat peak structures. Assuming a blackbody spectrum with a temperature of 9000–15000 K, the peak luminosities and energies are estimated to be 1029 erg s−1 ≲ Lpeak ≲ 1031 erg s−1 and 1031 erg ≲ Eflare ≲ 1034 erg, which constitutes the bright end of fast optical flares for M dwarfs. We confirm that more than $90\%$ of the host stars of the detected flares are magnetically active based on their Hα-emission-line intensities obtained by LAMOST. An estimated occurrence rate of detected flares is ∼0.7 per day per active star, indicating they are common in magnetically active M dwarfs. We argue that the flare light-curves can be explained by the chromospheric compression model: the rise time is broadly consistent with the Alfvén transit time of a magnetic loop with a length scale of lloop ∼ 104 km and a field strength of 1000 gauss, while the decay time is likely determined by the radiative cooling of the compressed chromosphere down near to the photosphere with a temperature of ≳ 10000 K. These flares from M dwarfs could be a major contamination source for a future search of fast optical transients of unknown types.

We report the near-infrared radial velocity (RV) discovery of a super-Earth planet on a 10.77 d orbit around the M4.5 dwarf Ross 508 (J(mag) = 9.1). Using precision RVs from the Subaru Telescope IRD (InfraRed Doppler) instrument, we derive a semi-amplitude of 3.92(-0.58)(+0.60) m s(-1), corresponding to a planet with a minimum mass msin i = 4.00(-0.55)(+0.53) M-circle plus. We find no evidence of significant signals at the detected period in spectroscopic stellar activity indicators or MEarth photometry. The planet, Ross 508 b, has a semi-major axis of 0.05366(-0.00049)(+0.00056) au. This gives an orbit-averaged insolation of approximate to 1.4 times the Earth's value, placing Ross 508 b near the inner edge of its star's habitable zone. We have explored the possibility that the planet has a high eccentricity and its host is accompanied by an additional unconfirmed companion on a wide orbit. Our discovery demonstrates that the near-infrared RV search can play a crucial role in finding a low-mass planet around cool M dwarfs like Ross 508.

Direct images of protoplanets embedded in disks around infant stars provide the key to understanding the formation of gas giant planets such as Jupiter. Using the Subaru Telescope and the Hubble Space Telescope, we find evidence for a Jovian protoplanet around AB Aurigae orbiting at a wide projected separation (similar to 93 au), probably responsible for multiple planet-induced features in the disk. Its emission is reproducible as reprocessed radiation from an embedded protoplanet. We also identify two structures located at 430-580 au that are candidate sites of planet formation. These data reveal planet formation in the embedded phase and a protoplanet discovery at wide, >50 au separations characteristic of most imaged exoplanets. With at least one clump-like protoplanet and multiple spiral arms, the AB Aur system may also provide the evidence for a long-considered alternative to the canonical model for Jupiter's formation, namely disk (gravitational) instability.

Photometric monitoring by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) has discovered not only periodic signals by transiting exoplanets but also episodic or quasiperiodic dimming around young stellar objects. The dimming mechanisms of these objects, the so-called "dippers," are thought to be related to either the accretion property or the structure of protoplanetary disks especially in regions close to the host star. Recently, we have created a catalog of dippers from one year of TESS full-frame image data. In this paper, we report on the spectral features of four newly found dippers in that catalog and show that they potentially shed light on the dimming mechanisms. We found that all of the targets exhibit the H alpha emission line, which is an indicator of ongoing accretion. Based on their line profiles and/or their variability, we characterized the properties of the disks of each source, which can support dimming mechanisms via a dusty disk wind or an accretion-driven inner-disk warp. Also, we found an interesting dipper (TIC 317873721), a "close-in binary dipper," showing a complex variability of the line profile and a large radial velocity variation. Because the dimming intervals are similar to the orbital period of the binary, we suggest that the dips are caused by dust in the accretion warp from a circumbinary disk onto stars. Such a close-in (<0.1 au) binary dipper has been rarely reported thus far; further investigation will reveal new aspects of disk evolution and planetary formation.

Abstract Direct detection of exoplanets requires a high-contrast instrument called a coronagraph to reject bright light from the central star. However, a coronagraph cannot perfectly reject the starlight if the incoming stellar wave front is distorted by aberrations due to the Earth’s atmospheric turbulence and/or the telescope instrumental optics. Wave-front aberrations cause residual stellar speckles that prevent detection of faint planetary light. In this paper, we report a laboratory demonstration of a speckle-nulling wave-front control using a spatial light modulator (SLM) to suppress the residual speckles of a common-path visible nulling coronagraph. Because of its large format, the SLM potentially has the ability to generate a dark hole over a large region or at a large angular distance from a star of up to hundreds of λ/D. We carry out a laboratory demonstration for three cases of dark hole generation: (1) in an inner region (3–8 λ/D in horizontal and 5–15 λ/D in vertical directions), (2) in an outer region (70–75 λ/D in horizontal and 65–75 λ/D in vertical directions), and (3) in a large region (5–75 λ/D in both directions). As a result, the residual speckles are rejected to contrast levels on the order of 10⁻⁸ in cases 1 and 2. In cases 2 and 3, we can generate dark holes at a large distance (up to &gt;100 λ/D) and with a large size (70 λ/D square), both of which are out of the Nyquist limit of currently available deformable mirrors.

We present an auto-differentiable spectral modeling of exoplanets and brown dwarfs. This model enables a fully Bayesian inference of the high--dispersion data to fit the ab initio line-by-line spectral computation to the observed spectrum by combining it with the Hamiltonian Monte Carlo in recent probabilistic programming languages. An open source code, exojax, developed in this study, was written in Python using the GPU/TPU compatible package for automatic differentiation and accelerated linear algebra, JAX (Bradbury et al. 2018). We validated the model by comparing it with existing opacity calculators and a radiative transfer code and found reasonable agreements of the output. As a demonstration, we analyzed the high-dispersion spectrum of a nearby brown dwarf, Luhman 16 A and found that a model including water, carbon monoxide, and $\mathrm{H_2/He}$ collision induced absorption was well fitted to the observed spectrum ($R=10^5$ and 2.28-2.30 $\mu$m). As a result, we found that $T_0=1295_{-32}^{+35}$ K at 1 bar and C/O $=0.62 \pm 0.03$, which is slightly higher than the solar value. This work demonstrates the potential of full Bayesian analysis of brown dwarfs and exoplanets as observed by high-dispersion spectrographs and also directly-imaged exoplanets as observed by high-dispersion coronagraphy.

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>We report the first detection of a hydroxyl radical (OH) emission signature in the planetary atmosphere outside the solar system, in this case, in the dayside of WASP-33b. We analyze high-resolution near-infrared emission spectra of WASP-33b taken using the InfraRed Doppler spectrograph on the 8.2 m Subaru telescope. The telluric and stellar lines are removed using a detrending algorithm, <jats:sc>SysRem</jats:sc>. The residuals are then cross-correlated with OH and H<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O planetary spectrum templates produced using several different line lists. We check and confirm the accuracy of OH line lists by cross-correlating with the spectrum of GJ 436. As a result, we detect the emission signature of OH at <jats:italic>K</jats:italic> <jats:sub>p</jats:sub> of <jats:inline-formula> <jats:tex-math> <?CDATA ${230.9}_{-7.4}^{+6.9}$?> </jats:tex-math> <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="apjlabec71ieqn1.gif" xlink:type="simple" /> </jats:inline-formula> km s<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> and <jats:italic>v</jats:italic> <jats:sub>sys</jats:sub> of −0.3<jats:inline-formula> <jats:tex-math> <?CDATA ${}_{-5.6}^{+5.3}$?> </jats:tex-math> <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="apjlabec71ieqn2.gif" xlink:type="simple" /> </jats:inline-formula> km s<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> with a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of 5.4 and a significance of 5.5<jats:italic>σ</jats:italic>. Additionally, we marginally detect H<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O emission in the <jats:italic>H</jats:italic>-band with an S/N of 4.0 and a significance of 5.2<jats:italic>σ</jats:italic> using the POKAZATEL line list. However, no significant signal is detected using the HITEMP 2010, which might be due to differences in line positions and strengths, as well as the incompleteness of the line lists. Nonetheless, this marginal detection is consistent with the prediction that H<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O is mostly thermally dissociated in the upper atmosphere of the ultra-hot Jupiters. Therefore, along with CO, OH is expected to be one of the most abundant O-bearing molecules in the dayside atmosphere of ultra-hot Jupiters and should be considered when studying their atmospheres.</jats:p>

Direct-imaging techniques of exoplanets have made significant progress recently and will eventually enable monitoring of photometric and spectroscopic signals of Earth-like habitable planets. The presence of clouds, however, would remain as one of the most uncertain components in deciphering such direct-imaged signals of planets. We attempt to examine how the planetary obliquity produces different cloud patterns by performing a series of general circulation model simulation runs using a set of parameters relevant for our Earth. Then we use the simulated photometric lightcurves to compute their frequency modulation that is due to the planetary spin-orbit coupling over an entire orbital period, and we attempt to see to what extent one can estimate the obliquity of an Earth twin. We find that it is possible to estimate the obliquity of an Earth twin within the uncertainty of several degrees with a dedicated 4 m space telescope at 10 pc away from the system if the stellar flux is completely blocked. While our conclusion is based on several idealized assumptions, a frequency modulation of a directly imaged Earth-like planet offers a unique methodology to determine its obliquity.

We analyse the transmission spectra of KELT-20b/MASCARA-2b to search for possible thermal inversion agents. The data consist of three transits obtained using HARPSN and one using CARMENES. We removed stellar and telluric lines before cross-correlating the residuals with spectroscopic templates produced using a 1D plane-parallel model, assuming an isothermal atmosphere and chemical equilibrium at solar metallicity. Using a likelihood-mapping method, we detect Fe I at > 13 sigma, Ca II H&K at > 6 sigma and confirm the previous detections of Fe II, Ca It IR Triplet, and Nat I D. The detected signal of FeI is shifted by -3.4 +/- 0.4 km s(-1) from the planetary rest frame, which indicates a strong day-night wind. Our likelihood-mapping technique also reveals that the absorption features of the detected species extend to different altitudes in the planet's atmosphere. Assuming that the line lists are accurate, we do not detect other potential thermal inversion agents (NaH, MgH, A10, SH, CaO, VO, FeH, and 110) suggesting that non-chemical equilibrium mechanisms (e.g. a cold-trap) might have removed Ti- and V-bearing species from the upper atmosphere. Our results, therefore, show that ICELT-20b/MASCARA-2b cannot possess an inversion layer caused by a TiO/VO-related mechanism. The presence of an inversion layer would therefore likely be caused by metal atoms such as Fe I and Fe IL Finally, we report a double-peak structure in the Fe I signal in all of our data sets that could be a signature of atmospheric dynamics. However, further investigation is needed to robustly determine the origin of the signal.

Recent core-collapse supernova (CCSN) simulations have predicted several<br /> distinct features in gravitational-wave (GW) spectrograms, including a ramp-up<br /> signature due to the g-mode oscillation of the proto-neutron star (PNS) and an<br /> excess in the low-frequency domain (100-300 Hz) potentially induced by the<br /> standing accretion shock instability (SASI). These predictions motivated us to<br /> perform a sophisticated time-frequency analysis (TFA) of the GW signals, aimed<br /> at preparation for future observations. By reanalyzing a gravitational waveform<br /> obtained in a three-dimensional general-relativistic CCSN simulation, we show<br /> that both the spectrogram with an adequate window and the quadratic TFA<br /> separate the multimodal GW signatures much more clearly compared with the<br /> previous analysis. We find that the observed low-frequency excess during the<br /> SASI active phase is divided into two components, a stronger one at 130 Hz and<br /> an overtone at 260 Hz, both of which evolve quasi-statically during the<br /> simulation time. We also identify a new mode whose frequency varies from 700 to<br /> 600 Hz. Furthermore, we develop the quadratic TFA for the Stokes I, Q, U, and V<br /> parameters as a new tool to investigate the GW circular polarization. We<br /> demonstrate that the polarization states that randomly change with time after<br /> bounce are associated with the PNS g-mode oscillation, whereas a slowly<br /> changing polarization state in the low-frequency domain is connected to the PNS<br /> core oscillation. This study demonstrates the capability of the sophisticated<br /> TFA for diagnosing the polarized CCSN GWs in order to explore their complex<br /> nature.

We perform a systematic search for rings around 168 Kepler planet candidates with sufficient signal-to-noise ratios that are selected from all of the short-cadence data. We fit ringed and ringless models to their light curves and compare the fitting results to search for the signatures of planetary rings. First, we identify 29 tentative systems, for which the ringed models exhibit statistically significant improvement over the ringless models. The light curves of those systems are individually examined, but we are not able to identify any candidate that indicates evidence for rings. In turn, we find several mechanisms of false positives that would produce ringlike signals, and the null detection enables us to place upper limits on the size of the rings. Furthermore, assuming the tidal alignment between axes of the planetary rings and orbits, we conclude that the occurrence rate of rings larger than twice the planetary radius is less than 15%. Even though the majority of our targets are short-period planets, our null detection provides statistical and quantitative constraints on largely uncertain theoretical models of the origin, formation, and evolution of planetary rings.

We report the discovery of three edge-on binaries with white dwarf (WD) companions that gravitationally magnify (instead of eclipsing) the light of their stellar primaries, as revealed by a systematic search for pulses with long periods in the Kepler photometry. We jointly model the self-lensing light curves and radial-velocity orbits to derive the WD masses, all of which are close to 0.6 solar masses. The orbital periods are long, ranging from 419 to 728 days, and the eccentricities are low, all less than 0.2. These characteristics are reminiscent of the orbits found for many blue stragglers in open clusters and the field, for which stable mass transfer due to Roche-lobe overflow from an evolving primary (now a WD) has been proposed as the formation mechanism. Because the actual masses for our three WD companions have been accurately determined, these self-lensing systems would provide excellent tests for models of interacting binaries.

We present the results of Suzaku and Chandra observations of the galaxy cluster RXC J1053.7+5453 (z = 0.0704), which contains a radio relic. The radio relic is located at a distance of similar to 540 kpc from the X-ray peak toward the west. We measured the temperature of this cluster for the first time. The resultant temperature in the center is similar to 1.3 keV, which is lower than the value expected from the X-ray luminosity-temperature and the velocity dispersion-temperature relations. Though we did not find a significant temperature jump at the outer edge of the relic, our results suggest that the temperature decreases outward across the relic. Assuming the existence of the shock at the relic, its Mach number becomes M similar or equal to 1.4. A possible spatial variation of Mach number along the relic is suggested. Additionally, a sharp surface brightness edge is found at a distance of similar to 160 kpc from the X-ray peak toward the west in the Chandra image. We performed X-ray spectral and surface brightness analyses around the edge with the Suzaku and Chandra data, respectively. The obtained surface brightness and temperature profiles suggest that this edge is not a shoc

We report high-resolution spectroscopic detection of TiO molecular signature in the day-side spectra of WASP-33b, the second hottest known hot Jupiter. We used High-Dispersion Spectrograph (HDS; R similar to 165,000) in the wavelength range of 0.62-0.88 m with the Subaru telescope to obtain the day-side spectra of WASP-33b. We suppress and correct the systematic effects of the instrument, the telluric and stellar lines by using SYSREM algorithm after the selection of good orders based on Barnard star and other M-type stars. We detect a 4.8 sigma signal at an orbital velocity of K-p= +237.5(-5.0)(+13.0) km s(-1) and systemic velocity V-sys= -1.5(10.5)(+4.0) km s(-1), which agree with the derived values from the previous analysis of primary transit. Our detection with the temperature inversion model implies the existence of stratosphere in its atmosphere, however, we were unable to constrain the volume-mixing ratio of the detected TiO. We also measure the stellar radial velocity and use it to obtain a more stringent constraint on the orbital velocity, Kp=239.0(1.0)(+2.0) km s(-1). Our results demonstrate that high-dispersion spectroscopy is a powerful tool to characterize the atmosphere of an exoplanet, even in the optical wavelength range, and show a promising potential in using and developing similar techniques with high-dispersion spectrograph on current 10m-class and future extremely large telescopes.

We present the results of deep 140 ks Suzaku X-ray observations of the north-east (NE) radio relic of the merging galaxy cluster Abell 2255. The temperature structure of Abell 2255 is measured out to 0.9 times the virial radius (1.9 Mpc) in the NE direction for the first time. The Suzaku temperature map of the central region suggests a complex temperature distribution, which agrees with previous work. Additionally, on a larger-scale, we confirm that the temperature drops from 6 keV around the cluster center to 3 keV at the outskirts, with two discontinuities at r similar to 5' (450 kpc) and similar to 12' (1100 kpc) from the cluster center. Their locations coincide with surface brightness discontinuities marginally detected in the XMM-Newton image, which indicates the presence of shock structures. From the temperature drop, we estimate the Mach numbers to be M-inner similar to 1.2 and, M-outer similar to 1:4. The first structure is most likely related to the large cluster core region (similar to 350-430 kpc), and its Mach number is consistent with the XMM-Newton observation (M similar to 1.24: Sakelliou & Ponman 2006, MNRAS, 367, 1409). Our detection of the second temperature jump, based on the Suzaku key project observation, shows the presence of a shock structure across the NE radio relic. This indicates a connection between the shock structure and the relativistic electrons that generate radio emission. Across the NE radio relic, however, we find a significantly lower temperature ratio (T-1/T-2 similar to 1.44 +/- 0.16 corresponds to M-X (ray) similar to 1.4) than the value expected from radio wavelengths, based on the standard diffusive shock acceleration mechanism (T-1/T-2 &gt; 3.2 or M-Radio &gt; 2.8). This may suggest that under some conditions, in particular the NE relic of A2255 case, the simple diffusive shock acceleration mechanism is unlikely to be valid, and therefore, more a sophisticated mechanism is required.

The detection of a planetary ring of exoplanets remains one of the most attractive, but challenging, goals in the field of exoplanetary science. We present a methodology that implements a systematic search for exoplanetary rings via transit photometry of long-period planets. This methodology relies on a precise integration scheme that we develop to compute a transit light curve of a ringed planet. We apply the methodology to 89 long-period planet candidates from the Kepler data so as to estimate, and/or set upper limits on, the parameters of possible rings. While the majority of our samples do not have sufficient signal-to-noise ratios (S/Ns) to place meaningful constraints on ring parameters, we find that six systems with higher S/Ns are inconsistent with the presence of a ring larger than 1.5 times the planetary radius, assuming a grazing orbit and a tilted ring. Furthermore, we identify five preliminary candidate systems whose light curves exhibit ring-like features. After removing four false positives due to the contamination from nearby stars, we identify KIC 10403228 as a reasonable candidate for a ringed planet. A systematic parameter fit of its light curve with a ringed planet model indicates two possible solutions corresponding to a Saturn-like planet with a tilted ring. There also remain two other possible scenarios accounting for the data a circumstellar disk and a hierarchical triple. Due to large uncertain factors, we cannot choose one specific model among the three.

Multicore fibers are gaining growing attention in astronomy. The two main attributes which make them attractive for astronomy are that they reduce the distance between cores and hence have a superior fill factor to other approaches and they offer the possibility to transport light in many channels with the overhead of only having to handle a single fiber. These properties are being exploited to realize miniature integral field units that can transport light from different regions in a focal plane to a spectrograph for example. here we offer an overview of several applications where multicore fibers are now being considered and applied to astronomical observations to enhance scientific yield.

We consider the time-frequency analysis of a scattered light curve of a directly imaged exoplanet. We show that the geometric effect due to planetary obliquity and orbital inclination induce the frequency modulation of the apparent diurnal periodicity. We construct a model of the frequency modulation and compare it with the instantaneous frequency extracted from the pseudo-Wigner distribution of simulated light curves of a cloudless Earth. The model provides good agreement with the simulated modulation factor, even for the light curve with Gaussian noise comparable to the signal. Notably, the shape of the instantaneous frequency is sensitive to the difference between the prograde, retrograde, and pole-on spin rotations. While our technique requires the albedo map to be static, it does not need to solve the albedo map of the planet. The time-frequency analysis is complementary to other methods which utilize the amplitude modulation. This paper demonstrates the importance of the frequency domain of the photometric variability for the characterization of directly imaged exoplanets in future research.

We visually inspected the light curves of 7557 Kepler Objects of Interest (KOIs) to search for single. transit events (STEs) that were possibly due to long-period giant planets. We identified 28 STEs in 24 KOIs, among which 14 events are newly reported in this paper. We estimate the radius and orbital period of the objects causing STEs by fitting the STE light curves simultaneously with the transits of the other planets in the system or with. prior information on the host star density. As a result, we found that STEs in seven of those systems are consistent with Neptune- to Jupiter-sized objects of orbital periods ranging from a few to similar to 20 years. We also estimate that. greater than or similar to 20% of the compact multi-transiting systems host cool giant planets with periods greater than or similar to 3 years on the basis of their occurrence in the KOIs with multiple candidates, assuming the small mutual inclination between inner and outer planetary orbits.

The Savart-Plate Lateral-shearing Interferometric Nuller for Exoplanets (SPLINE) is a kind of a visible nulling coronagraph for directly detecting exoplanets. The SPLINE consists of two crossed polarizers and a Savart plate placed between them. Theoretically the SPLINE realizes perfect cancellation of starlight. However, achievable contrast is limited by residual stellar speckles due to wavefront aberration caused by imperfect optical surfaces of the optical elements. For reducing the residual stellar speckles of the SPLINE, we propose a speckle nulling technique using a Liquid-Crystal Spatial Light Modulator (LCSLM) to create a dark hole. For the speckle nulling, we apply the Self-Coherent Camera (SCC) technique to the SPLINE for wavefront sensing in the focal plane. We report our recent progress on computer simulation and preliminary laboratory experiments of the speckle nulling technique applied to the SPLINE.

We present the results of Suzaku observations of the galaxy cluster 1RXSJ0603.3+4214 with the "Toothbrush" radio relic. Although a shock with Mach number M similar or equal to 4 is expected at the outer edge of the relic from the radio observation, our temperature measurements of the intracluster medium indicate a weaker temperature difference than expected. The Mach number estimated from the temperature difference at the outer edge of the relic is M similar or equal to 1.5, which is significantly lower than the value estimated from the radio data even considering both statistical and systematic errors. This suggests that a diffusive shock acceleration theory in the linear test particle regime, which is commonly used to link the radio spectral index to the Mach number, is invalid for this relic. We also measured the temperature difference across the western part of the relic, where a shock with M similar or equal to 1.6 is suggested from the X-ray surface brightness analysis of the XMM-Newton data, and obtained consistent results in an independent way. We searched for the non-thermal inverse Compton component in the relic region and the resultant upper limit on the flux is 2.4 x 10(-13) erg cm(-2) s(-1) in the 0.3-10 keV band. The lower limit of the magnetic field strength becomes 1.6 mu G, which means that magnetic energy density could be more than a few percent of the thermal energy.

We present the thermal evolution and emergent spectra of solidifying terrestrial planets along with the formation of steam atmospheres. The lifetime of a magma ocean and its spectra through a steam atmosphere depends on the orbital distance of the planet from the host star. For a Type I planet, which is formed beyond a certain critical distance from the host star, the thermal emission declines on a timescale shorter than approximately 10(6) years. Therefore, young stars should be targets when searching for molten planets in this orbital region. In contrast, a Type II planet, which is formed inside the critical distance, will emit significant thermal radiation from nearinfrared atmospheric windows during the entire lifetime of the magma ocean. The Ks and L bands will be favorable for future direct imaging because the planet-to-star contrasts of these bands are higher than approximately 10(-7)-10(-8). Our model predicts that, in the Type II orbital region, molten planets would be present over the main sequence of the G-type host star if the initial bulk content of water exceeds approximately 1 wt%. In visible atmospheric windows, the contrasts of the thermal emission drop below 10(-10) in less than 10(5) years, whereas those of the reflected light remain 10(-10) for both types of planets. Since the contrast level is comparable to those of reflected light from Earth-sized planets in the habitable zone, the visible reflected light from molten planets also provides a promising target for direct imaging with future ground-and space-based telescopes.

Many of the Kepler close binaries are suggested to constitute hierarchical triple systems through their eclipse timing variations (ETVs). Eclipses by the third body in those systems, if observed, provide precise constraints on its physical and orbital properties, which are otherwise difficult to obtain. In this Letter, we analyze such a "tertiary event" observed only once in the KIC 6543674 system. The system consists of a short-period (2.4 days) inner eclipsing binary and a third body on a wide (1100 days) and eccentric (e similar or equal to 0.6) orbit. Analysis of three tertiary eclipses around a single inferior conjunction of the third body yields the mutual inclination between the inner and outer binary planes to be 3.degrees 3 +/- 0.degrees 6, indicating an extremely flat geometry. Furthermore, combining the timings and shapes of the tertiary eclipses with the phase curve and ETVs of the inner binary, we determine the mass and radius ratios of all three bodies in the system using the Kepler photometry alone. With the primary mass and temperature from the Kepler Input Catalog, the absolute masses, radii, and effective temperatures of the three stars are obtained as follows: M-A = 1.2 +/- 0.3 M-circle dot, R-A = 1.8 +/- 0.1 R-circle dot, M-B = 1.1 (+0.3)(-0.2) M-circle dot , RB = 1.4 +/- 0.1 R-circle dot, M-C = 0.50(-0.08)(+0.07) M-circle dot, R-C = 0.50 +/- 0.04 R-circle dot, T-A similar or equal to T-B similar or equal to 6100 K, and T-C &lt; 5000 K. Implication for the formation scenario of close binaries is briefly discussed.

Motivated by recent detection of transiting high-density super-Earths, we explore the detectability of hot rocky super-Earths orbiting very close to their host stars. In an environment hot enough for their rocky surfaces to be molten, they would have an atmosphere composed of gas species from the magma oceans. In this study, we investigate the radiative properties of the atmosphere that is in gas/melt equilibrium with the underlying magma ocean. Our equilibrium calculations yield Na, K, Fe, Si, SiO, O, and O-2 as the major atmospheric species. We compile the radiative. absorption line data of those species available in the literature. and calculate their absorption opacities in the wavelength region of 0.1-100 mu m. Using them, we integrate the thermal structure of the atmosphere. Then, we find that thermal inversion occurs in the atmosphere because of the UV absorption by SiO. In addition, we calculate the ratio of the planetary to stellar emission fluxes during secondary eclipse, and we find prominent emission features induced by SiO at 4 mu m detectable by Spitzer, and those at 10 and 100 mu m detectable by near-future space telescopes.

We propose the application of coronagraphic techniques to the spectroscopic direct detection of exoplanets via the Doppler shift of planetary molecular lines. Even for an unresolved close-in planetary system, we show that the combination of a visible nuller and an extreme adaptive optics system can reduce the photon noise of amain star and increase the total signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of the molecular absorption of the exoplanetary atmosphere: it works as a spectroscopic coronagraph. Assuming a 30 m telescope, we demonstrate the benefit of these high-contrast instruments for nearby close-in planets that mimic 55 Cnc b (0.6 lambda/D of the angular separation in the K band). We find that the tip-tilt error is the most crucial factor; however, low-order speckles also contribute to the noise. Assuming relatively conservative estimates for future wavefront control techniques, the spectroscopic coronagraph can increase the contrast similar to 50-130 times and enable us to obtain similar to 3-6 times larger S/N for warm Jupiters and Neptunes at 10 pc than those without it. If the tip-tilt error can be reduced to less than or similar to 0.3 mas (rms), it gains similar to 10-30 times larger S/N and enables us to detect warm super-Earths with an extremely large telescope. This paper demonstrates the concept of spectroscopic coronagraphy for future spectroscopic direct detection. Further studies of the selection of coronagraphs and tip-tilt sensors will extend the range of application of the spectroscopic direct detection beyond the photon collecting area limit.

We performed five pointing observations with Suzaku to search for hot gases associated with the junctions of galaxy filaments where no significant diffuse X-ray sources were previously detected. We discovered X-ray sources successfully in all five regions including merging groups of galaxies, Suzaku J0957+2610 and Suzaku J1134+2105, and analyzed two bright sources in each field. Spectral analysis indicates that three sources originate from X-ray diffuse halos associated with optically bright galaxies or groups of galaxies with kT similar to 0.6-0.8 keV. The three other sources are possibly group-and cluster-scale X-ray halos with temperatures of similar to 1 keV and similar to 4 keV, respectively while the others are compact object origins such as active galactic nuclei. All of the three observed intracluster media within the junctions of the galaxy filaments previously found are involved in ongoing mergers. Thus, we demonstrate that deep X-ray observations at the filament junctions identified by galaxy surveys are a powerful means to explore previously undetected growing halos in a hierarchical structure.

We have developed the Savart-Plate Lateral-shearing Interferometric Nuller for Exoplanets (SPLINE), which is a kind of a nulling interferometer, for directly imaging exoplanets. The SPLINE consists of two polarizers and a Savart plate between them. The SPLINE can theoretically obtain fully achromatic and stable nulled output. However, a drawback of the SPLINE is its low system throughput due to the polarizers. For improving the system throughput, we propose a dualchannel SPLINE using polarization beam splitters instead of the polarizers. We have carried out laboratory demonstration of the dual-channel SPLINE. The achievable contrast of the SPLINE is limited by residual speckles caused by surface roughness of optical elements. For improving the achievable contrast, we propose a method of wavefront correction using a liquid-crystal spatial light modulator (LCSLM). We have carried out preliminary laboratory demonstration using a liquid-crystal variable retarder (LCVR), instead of the LCSLM, for simulating the proposed wavefront correction method. We report the laboratory demonstration in this paper.

We propose a new high-contrast planet imager called SEICA (Second-generation Exoplanet Imager with Coronagraphic Adaptive optics) for Kyoto 4m segmented telescope, aiming at detection and characterization of self-luminous gas giants within 10AU around nearby stars. SEICA is aggressively optimized for high performance at very small inner working angle, 10(-6) detection contrast at 0". 1 in 1-hour integration. We start the on-sky commissioning test in 2016 and the science observations in 2017. Since it is the first time to realize the high-contrast imaging on the segmented telescope, SEICA is an important step toward future high contrast sciences on Extremely Large Telescopes (ELTs). This paper presents an overview of the SEICA program and the conceptual design for ultimate performance under given atmospheric conditions.

We report the current status of the Infrared Doppler (IRD) instrument for the Subaru telescope, which aims at detecting Earth-like planets around nearby M darwfs via the radial velocity (RV) measurements. IRD is a fiber-fed, near infrared spectrometer which enables us to obtain high-resolution spectrum (R similar to 70000) from 0.97 to 1.75 mu m. We have been developing new technologies to achieve 1m/s RV measurement precision, including an original laser frequency comb as an extremely stable wavelength standard in the near infrared. To achieve ultimate thermal stability, very low thermal expansion ceramic is used for most of the optical components including the optical bench.

Violent variation of transit depths and an ingress-egress asymmetry of the transit light curve discovered in KIC 12557548 have been interpreted as evidence of a catastrophic evaporation of atmosphere with dust (Mp ≃ 1M⊕ Gyr-1) from a close-in small planet. To explore what drives the anomalous atmospheric escape, we perform time-series analysis of the transit depth variation of Kepler archival data for ∼3.5 yr. We find a ∼30% periodic variation of the transit depth with P1 = 22.83±0.21 days, which is within the error of the rotation period of the host star estimated using the light curve modulation, Prot = 22.91 ±0.24 days. We interpret the results as evidence that the atmospheric escape of KIC 12557548b correlates with stellar activity. We consider possible scenarios that account for both the mass loss rate and the correlation with stellar activity. X-ray and ultraviolet (XUV)-driven evaporation is possible if one accepts a relatively high XUV flux and a high efficiency for converting the input energy to the kinetic energy of the atmosphere. Star-planet magnetic interaction is another possible scenario, though huge uncertainty remains for the mass loss rate. © 2013. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A.

We report near-infrared measurements of the terminator region transmission spectrum and dayside emission spectrum of the exoplanet WASP-12b obtained using the HST WFC3 instrument. The disk-average dayside brightness temperature averages about 2900 K, peaking to 3200 K around 1.46 mu m. We modeled a range of atmospheric cases for both the emission and transmission spectrum and confirm the recent finding by Crossfield et al. (Crossfield, L, Barman, T., Hansen, B., Tanaka, I., Kodama, T. [2012b]. arXiv: 1210.4836C) that there is no evidence for C/O &gt; 1 in the atmosphere of WASP-12b. Assuming a physically plausible atmosphere, we find evidence that the presence of a number of molecules is consistent with the data, but the justification for inclusion of these opacity sources based on the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) is marginal. We also find the near-infrared primary eclipse light curve is consistent with small amounts of prolate distortion. As part of the calibration effort for these data, we conducted a detailed study of instrument systematics using 65 orbits of WFC3-IR grims observations. The instrument systematics are dominated by detector-related affects, which vary significantly depending on the detector readout mode. The 256 x 256 subarray observations of WASP-12 produced spectral measurements within 15% of the photon-noise limit using a simple calibration approach. Residual systematics are estimated to be &lt;= 70 ppm. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

We report on recent Suzaku results on cluster outer regions. Relaxed clusters show a monotonous temperature decline to the virial radii, reaching 1/3 to 1/4 of the central levels. Significant temperature jumps have been confirmed for a number of radio relics, including A3667, A3376, and CIZA J2242.8+5301. This confirms that the radio relics generally correspond to shock fronts with the Mach numbers around 3. New filament junctions are identified by a new algorithm applied to the SDSS galaxy distribution and show significant X-ray emission with Suzaku. The emission agrees with the L-X-kT relation for elliptical galaxies and galaxy groups, and the junctions can be a important baryon reservoir. We propose a small X-ray mission DIOS (Diffuse Intergalactic Oxygen Surveyor), equipped with microcalorimeters with a wide field of view (similar to 50'), which will detect the emission from warm-hot intergalactic medium (WHIM) and measure detailed thermal and dynamical properties of the gas accreting onto clusters from the filaments. (C) 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

We examine the validity of the hydrostatic equilibrium (HSE) assumption for galaxy clusters using one of the highest-resolution cosmological hydrodynamical simulations. We define and evaluate several effective mass terms corresponding to the Euler equations of gas dynamics, and quantify the degree of the validity of HSE in terms of the mass estimate. We find that the mass estimated under the HSE assumption (the HSE mass) deviates from the true mass by up to similar to 30%. This level of departure from HSE is consistent with the previous claims, but our physical interpretation is rather different. We demonstrate that the inertial term in the Euler equations makes a negligible contribution to the total mass, and the overall gravity of the cluster is balanced by the thermal gas pressure gradient and the gas acceleration term. Indeed, the deviation from the HSE mass is well explained by the acceleration term at almost all radii. We also clarify the confusion of previous work due to the inappropriate application of the Jeans equations in considering the validity of HSE from the gas dynamics extracted from cosmological hydrodynamical simulations.

We consider the effect of planetary spin on the planetary radial velocity (PRV) in dayside spectra of exoplanets. To understand the spin effect qualitatively, we derive an analytic formula of the intensity-weighted radial velocity from the planetary surface on the following assumptions: (1) constant and solid rotation without precession, (2) stable and uniform distribution of molecules/atoms, (3) emission models from the dayside hemisphere, and (4) a circular orbit. On these assumptions, we find that the curve of the PRV is distorted by the planetary spin and this anomaly is characterized by the spin radial velocity at the equator and a projected angle on a celestial plane between the spin axis and the axis of orbital motion lambda(p) in a manner analogous to the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect. The latter can constrain the planetary obliquity. Creating mock PRV data with 3 km s(-1) accuracy, we demonstrate how lambda(p) and the spin radial velocity at the equator are estimated. We find that the stringent constraint of eccentricity is crucial to detect the spin effect. Though our formula is still qualitative, we conclude that the PRV in the dayside spectra will be a powerful means for constraining the planetary spin.