中村 駿, 浅田 匡
人間科学研究 31(1) 3-12 2018年3月 査読有り
Reflection has been crucial for teacher education since Schön first articulated a theory of reflective practice. However, there is confusion among education researchers about what reflection is. This paper clarifies key concepts of reflective practice by reviewing the definitions of “knowing-in-action,” “reflection-in-action,” and “reflection on action,” and reexamining previous research on teacher reflection based on a review of Schön’s works. This review suggests that knowing-in-action, reflection-in-action, and reflection on action are distinguished by four factors: whether the situation the practitioner faces is a surprise, whether the practitioner is conscious of his or her own actions, whether his or her actions are integrated with knowing or reflection, and whether he or she can still affect the situation. Previous research on teacher reflection only distinguishes reflection-in-action from reflection on action according to whether reflection occurs during class or afterward. In addition, it has only focused on reflection-in-action and reflection on action, not on knowing-in-action. Therefore, we conclude that previous theoretical frameworks for teacher reflection have limited our understanding of what teachers know and how they learn by teaching and suggest a few implications for future research on teacher reflection.