八巻 史子

INTRODUCTION: In Japanese pharmacy education, success on the National Pharmacist Examination is a key objective. This study evaluated learning gain across face-to-face, mixed-attendance, and live online participation patterns in a four-month HyFlex National Pharmacist Examination preparation course under controlled conditions. METHODS: Sixth-year pharmacy students at Musashino University, Tokyo, Japan, participated in a four-month HyFlex course and chose their attendance mode for each session. Students with ≥90% attendance who completed the pre- and post-course examinations were classified as face-to-face (≥75% in-person attendance), live online (≥75% online attendance), or mixed-attendance (<75% in either modality). Learning gain was defined as the post-course examination correct-answer rate (%) minus the pre-course examination correct-answer rate (%). RESULTS: The overall cohort (n = 208) showed a learning gain of 16.9 ± 0.5%. Learning gain was 20.2 ± 1.2% in the face-to-face group (n = 23), 16.4 ± 0.8% in the mixed-attendance group (n = 41), and 16.5 ± 0.6% in the live online group (n = 144). Learning gain tended to be higher in the face-to-face group than in the mixed-attendance group (p = 0.061; d = 0.736) and was higher than in the live online group (p = 0.028; d = 0.546), whereas the mixed-attendance and live online groups showed nearly identical learning gain (p = 0.998; d = 0.010). CONCLUSIONS: These findings support the educational value of HyFlex as a flexible learning environment. Face-to-face participation was associated with greater learning gain than live online participation, whereas mixed-attendance and live online participation showed similar learning gain.

INTRODUCTION: The National Database of Health Insurance Claims and Specific Health Checkups (NDB) Open Data Japan provides a nationwide health-related dataset based on region. This study aimed to identify lifestyle habits that correlated with the prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia by analyzing a dataset. METHODS: Data from 28.9 million respondents regarding lifestyle habits were collected in the fiscal year 2020 and provided in the 8th NDB Open Data Japan. Medication status for hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia was used to determine the prevalence of each disorder. Responses to lifestyle habit questions were used as lifestyle variables. Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) was calculated to determine the relationships between variables. RESULTS: Lifestyle habits that had a moderate or larger correlation with the prevalence of each disorder were identified by setting the criterion |r| > 0.5. Smoking, weight gain, chewing condition, eating speed, snacking, and alcohol consumption were associated with the prevalence of hypertension. Smoking, weight gain, and chewing conditions correlated with the prevalence of diabetes. No single lifestyle habit showed correlations above the set criterion for dyslipidemia prevalence. CONCLUSION: Due to the diversity of lifestyle habits of residents within each of the 47 Japanese prefectures, the prefecture-based dataset in NDB Open Data Japan is pragmatic and useful for epidemiologically investigating the association between lifestyle habits and the prevalence of disorders of interest. It would be important to raise the alarm about the lifestyle habits identified in the present study to reduce the risk of developing the corresponding disorders.