馬場 哲

Our research examines the formation and transformation of contemporary cities from the perspective of "urban governance". "Urban governance" is defined here as a social order of the urban space that had been formed through interactions between central/local governments, private companies, and voluntary associations. From this viewpoint, we compare the historical cases in the United Kingdom, Germany and Japan with a purpose to analyse how internal and external factors had transformed the social order of the urban space.

論文/Article

特集 : フィランスロピーの国際比較 : 公と私の間でSpecial Issue : An International Comparison Study on Philanthropy : Between Public and Private Spheres

The aim of this article is to investigate the expansion of Frankfurt am Main from the 1870s to the 1920s, with particular reference to the annexation of Hoechst am Main in 1928. At the end of the nineteenth century it was the adjacent suburban communities which desired annexation with Frankfurt rather than the other way around, since they hoped to take advantage of Frankfurt's superior administrative services. After the turn of the century, however, annexation of smaller communities became an important prerequisite of urban planning and the attitude of Frankfurt grew more positive. This was because it needed land for public facilities, and wanted to regulate both industrial and residential development. After World War I the state (Prussia) took the leadership in the process of annexation. While the Prussian government supported the expansion of Frankfurt, it also wished to create a balance between the financial power of the city and that of surrounding areas (Landkreis). For this reason, the state established a new district (Main-Taunus-Kreis). However, the influence of Frankfurt reached beyond the borders of Prussia, and the city planned to construct economic regions (Rhein-Main-Gebiet) in cooperation with neighboring cities which belonged to other states.

Die schlesische Leinenindustrie war die groBte landliche Industrie im fruhneuzeitlichen Deutschland. In diesem Aufsatz beabsichtigt der Verfasser, unter Berucksichtigung der Theorie der Proto-Industrialisierung usw. zu untersuchen, in welchem Zusammenhang sie mit der sozialokonomischen Struktur in Deutsch-Schlesien stand. Die Leinenindustrie entwickelte sich besonders im schlesischen Gebirge. Dort entfaltete sich, im Gegensatz zur Ebend, der Getreideanbau kaum, weil die naturlichen Bedingungen fur die Landwirtschaft ungunstiger. Deswegen muBte die Dorfbevolkerung die Leinenindustrie fur zusatzliches Einkommen betreiben. Auch die Gutsherren im Gebirge begunstigten sie, und erhoben Abgaben von den Webern und Bleichern. Weber, Spinner und Bleicher bestanden hauptsachlich aus der unterbauerlichen Schicht. In Japan ist sie bis jetzt als das Ergebnis des Differenzierungs-prozesses innerhalb des Bauerntums betrachtet worden. Aber dieser Prozeβ war in Schlesien noch geringfugig, und andere Moglichkeiten waren fur die Entstehung der Unterschicht viel wichtiger. In Schlesien machte am Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts das Gesinde ca. 30% der gesamten Dorfbevolkerung aus, und es entstand aus der korporativen Struktur der Dorfgemeinde. Das herrschende Erbrecht in Deutsch-Schlesien war das Jungstenrecht, und im Gebirge wurde der Besitz beim Erbgang oft parzelliert. Die innere Kolonisation War auch sehr wichtig. Staat und Gutsherren grundeten neue Dorfer und Hauslerstellen, und meiste Kolonisten im Gebirge beschaftigten sich mit der Leinenindustrie. Nach der Generalstatistik Schlesiens von 1787 kann man feststellen, daβ sich verschiedene Gewerbe auf dem Lande entwickelten. Darunter war die Leineweberei das groβte, und sie konzentrierte sich auf das Gebirge. Im Gegegnsatz hierzu wurde Garn fast allenthalben in Deutsch-Schlesien gesponnen. Auβerdem wurde Getreide aus der Ebene ins Gebirge geliefert, sodaβ sich die Arbeitsteilung von Leinen, Garn und Getreide innerhalb Deutsch-Schlesiens herausbildete. Es was das Handelskapital in der Stadt, das diese Arbeitsteilung vermittelte. Allerdings gab es auch Kaufleute auf dem Lande, aber sie hingen hauptsachlich als Sammler von den stadtischen Kaufleute ab.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relation between the Silesian linen industry and the European, especially British economy in the 17th and 18th centuries. The main conclusions are as follows. (1) Until the middle of the 18th century England was the main market of the Silesian linen. The reasons were the fact that the Silesians had succeeded in the imitation of the French linen and the relative low duties on German linen. (2) The interest of the English woollen manufacturers reflected in these low duties, because they thought that the intended import of the linen would urge the specialization in the linen production in Germany. The same policy was applied to Ireland and Scotland. But because of the importance as the market of the English woollen Germany was treated better. (3) Thus the relation of exchange between the English woollen and the German linen came into existence. In fact the Anglo-German trade in the 18th century was the woollen-linen trade. But this relation was realized by Hamburg's intermediary trade. (4) The British and Irish linen manufacturers claimed the removal of the drawback and the additional duties on German linen. But the English woollen manufacturers opposed and checked these claims, because they thought that the high duties on German linen would cause the reprisal duties against the English woollen goods. (5) In Silesia the duties on the foreign woollen goods were till 1766 low, though the governments of Austria and Prussia had the protective intention. But thereafter the duty level was increased and in 1771 its import was prohibited, and the coincidence of the interest of the English woollen industry with that of the Silesian linen industry broke. (6) Besides at that time the production of linen in Great Britain and Ireland increased considerably and the English cotton industry began to develop. Thus Silesian linen was driven out of the English market and later it was deprived of the other foreign and home markets by the British products. The structure of the British Economy and its change influenced the prosperity and decline of the Silesian linen industry.