NONAKA SHUNSUKE

Objective University students are at a developmental stage in which they may be more vulnerable to experiencing hikikomori (prolonged social withdrawal). Therefore, we focused on this population and examined the relationship between the tendencies toward and affinity for hikikomori in two studies.Methods Study 1 examined the relationship between the tendencies toward and affinity for hikikomori among 300 university students recruited online. Study 2 examined how stress coping, social support, and the affinity for hikikomori can explain hikikomori tendencies for a sample of 364 university students recruited offline. Both studies used the Adaptive Behaviors Scale for Hikikomori and Affinity for Hikikomori Scale, while Study 2 also used the Social Support Questionnaire and Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Inventory.Results In both studies, hierarchical multiple regressions indicated that, among the affinity components for hikikomori, a stronger desire for hikikomori was associated with higher hikikomori tendencies. Conversely, higher empathy for others with hikikomori was associated with lower hikikomori tendencies, contrary to the implicit assumptions. Higher social support, active coping skills, and the use of instrumental support explained lower hikikomori tendencies.Conclusion These findings suggest that individuals at potential risk of developing hikikomori may be better identified by considering environmental (e.g., social support), behavioral (e.g., coping with stress), and cognitive and affective (e.g., desire for hikikomori) variables. Notably, empathy for others with hikikomori may reflect general empathic traits rather than being specifically related to hikikomori. Future longitudinal research should identify any causal relationships.