角谷 雄哉

BACKGROUND: While many studies have been published on nutrient intake assessment for performance improvement and deficiency prevention in single-sport athletes, few studies have addressed nutrient intakes in athletes from a various sports. AIM: The aim of this study was to determine whether Japanese college athletes meet the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) and sports nutrition recommendations (SNRs). METHODS: Dietary intake was assessed in 1049 Japanese college athletes from a variety of sports using a validated brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire. The prevalence of inadequate intakes was estimated by comparing the DRIs and SNRs. RESULTS: For protein, riboflavin, niacin, vitamins B-6, vitamins B-12, folate, magnesium, zinc, and copper, <10% of females and males consumed diets that fell below the estimated average requirement (EAR) in the DRIs. A large proportion of female and male college athletes demonstrated intakes that were below the EAR for vitamin A (7.8% and 19.0%, respectively), thiamin (10.4% and 23.9%, respectively), calcium (20.4% and 29.7%, respectively), and iron (24.2% and 2.5%, respectively). Regarding DG for chronic disease prevention in the DRIs, over half of both female and male athletes exceeded the DG for saturated fat acid and sodium, and fell below the DG for dietary fiber. Few of both female and male had intakes below the SNRs for protein and carbohydrates. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study reveal the nutrient intake status of Japanese college athletes by comparing the DRIs and SNRs. Most meet the SNRs for optimal performance, but not the DRIs for health.

【目的】女子中学生・高校生審美系スポーツ選手を対象に，食事の質スコアと適切な栄養素摂取状況との関連を検討すること。 【方法】審美系スポーツクラブに所属する女子中学生・高校生133名に，簡易型自記式食事歴法質問票 (BDHQ) への回答を求めた。記入漏れ，過小・過大申告のあるものを除外し，最終解析対象者は104人であった。BDHQの結果から，修正版JFG (Japanese Food Guide Spinning Top) スコアおよびHEI-2015 (the Healthy Eating Index 2015) を算出し，各スコアの三分位値で対象者を3群に分けた。さらに，食事摂取基準の基準値を用いて栄養素摂取状況を評価し，各群間で比較した。 【結果】推定平均必要量が策定されている14種類，および目標量が策定されている7種類の栄養素の内，基準値を満たさない，または範囲外である栄養素の数を，各スコアの3群間で比較した。両スコアとも，スコアが高い者ほど，推定平均必要量を満たさない，または目標量の範囲外である栄養素の数が有意に少ないことが示された。 【結論】修正版JFGスコアおよびHEI-2015で高く評価される食事を摂取することで，適切な栄養素摂取につながることが示唆された。

Abstract Objectives: To describe and compare the references cited in popular books about diet and health between the USA and Japan. Design: Books were selected based on their best-seller rankings in the diet and health category of online bookstores. We identified references throughout all pages of the books and examined the number of references, reference format (identifiable or not) and presence of specific types of references, such as systematic reviews of human research. We compared the characteristics of references between the two countries and examined related factors to citation. Setting: Cross-sectional study. Participants: Books (n 100 in each country). Results: Among 100 books from each country, sixty-five US and sixty-six Japanese books had references. Forty-five US books cited more than 100 references, against only five Japanese books. The number of books that cited systematic reviews of human research differed between the USA (n 49) and Japan (n 9). Additionally, the number of books that provided identifiable information for all references was significantly higher in the USA (n 63) than in Japan (n 42). Books whose first authors have licences of medical doctors were more likely to cite references than those without in both countries. Conclusions: Two-thirds of books about diet and health cited references in both the USA and Japan, but Japanese books cited fewer references and were less likely to cite systematic reviews and provide identifiable references than US books. Further research into the scientific reliability of information in books about diet and health is warranted.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of a combination of running and food restriction on the chemical properties of the bone in young female rats using Raman spectroscopy. Furthermore, we investigated whether the chemical property parameters correlated with the bone-breaking strength. METHODS: Female Sprague-Dawley rats (7 weeks old) were randomly divided into four groups: sedentary and ad libitum feeding (SED, n = 8), voluntary running exercise and ad libitum feeding (EX, n = 8), sedentary and 30% food-restricted (SED-FR, n = 8), and voluntary running exercise and 30% food-restricted (EXFR, n = 8). The experiment was conducted for a period of 12 weeks. Four parameters measured by Raman spectroscopy were used to evaluate the bone chemical quality. RESULTS: Exercise and restriction had significant interactions on the mineral to matrix ratio. The mineral- to-matrix ratio in the SED-FR group was significantly higher than that in the SED group and significantly lower in the EX-FR group than that in the SED-FR group. Running exercise had significant effects on increasing the crystallinity and carbonate-to-phosphate ratio. In the ad libitum intake condition, there were significant positive correlations between breaking energy and crystallinity (r = 0.593) and between breaking energy and carbonate-to-phosphate ratio (r = 0.854). CONCLUSION: Our findings show that running exercise and food restriction, alone or in combination, affect the chemical properties of bone. Furthermore, under ad libitum intake conditions, positive correlations were found between the breaking energy and crystallinity, or carbonate-to-phosphate ratio.

Background: This study aimed to develop the decisional balance scale for dietary behavior appropriate for college athletes and to examine the scale for reliability and validity. Methods: The cross-sectional study was performed using a self-report questionnaire for college athletes who belong to the sports club of a university located in Ibaraki, Japan, from October to December 2014. The final sample comprised 982 college athletes (704 males and 278 females) aged 18 to 22 years. Following item selection by exploratory factor analysis, the scale’s reliability and validity were examined by internal consistency, confirmatory factor analysis, and association of stage of change with the scale score. Furthermore, a retest for 378 athletes was conducted after about a 3-week interval. Results: Nine items (4 troublesome items, 3 repressed items, 2 compulsory items) classified for three types of burden factors were obtained through factor analysis. There were significant differences according to the stage of change in the troublesome and repressed factors (P &lt; 0.05), consistent with the transtheoretical model. As a result of confirmatory factor analysis with two factors, excluding the compulsory factor, we obtained higher goodness of fit (GFI = 0.99, AGFI = 0.97, CFI = 0.97, RMSEA = 0.06). The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and the intra-class correlation in each factor were as follows: troublesome = 0.73/0.66, repressed = 0.69/0.61. In addition, we observed moderate consistency for the retesting stage of change (kappa coefficient = 0.50). Conclusions: The present study suggested sufficient reliability and validity, which were confirmed in the burden scale for dietary behavior appropriate for college athletes.

Little is known about the optimal daily magnesium (Mg) intake for individuals with high levels of physical activity. The aim of this study was to clarify the optimal dietary Mg intake for people with high levels of physical activity in a scoping review. In this review, we searched MEDLINE and Japan Medical Abstracts Society for studies published up to May 31, 2020. We conducted two searches, one for studies using gold standard measurement methods such as the balance method and factorial calculation (Search 1), and the other for studies using estimation from daily food intake (Search 2). We also performed a meta-analysis of studies that compared the Mg intake among physically active people with the Mg intake among controls. After the primary and secondary screening, 31 studies were included in the final review. All of the included studies examined professional or recreational athletes. We found no studies that examined the optimal intake of Mg using gold standard measurement methods. The Mg intake among physically active individuals was below the recommended dietary allowance in most studies. In five studies that conducted meta-analyses, physically active individuals had significantly higher intakes of Mg than controls, although these levels were still below the recommended dietary allowance. The present review revealed that evidence regarding the optimal daily magnesium intake is currently scarce, and further studies are needed.

This study aimed to examine the scale for reliability and validity of the dietary information literacy scale for competition (DILS-C) in college athletes. This cross-sectional study was performed using a self-report questionnaire for college athletes who belong to the club of the university located in Ibaraki prefecture, Japan, from October to December 2014. The final sample comprised 953 college athletes, 684 males and 269 females, aged 18 to 22 y. Following item selection by exploratory factor analysis, the scale's reliability and validity were examined via internal consistency and confirmatory factor analysis. Furthermore, a retest for 376 athletes was conducted at about 3-wk intervals. Factor analysis of literacy measure indicated that the scale consists two sub-scales-communicative literacy and critical literacy. The Cronbach's α coefficient assessing the internal consistency reliability was acceptable (communicative literacy=0.84, critical literacy=0.79). Excellent goodness-of-fit indices of communicative and critical literacy were obtained by confirmatory factor analysis (GFI=0.95, AGFI=0.92, CFI=0.95, RMSEA=0.08). Retest reliability was within an allowable range (communicative literacy ICC=0.52, critical literacy ICC=0.50). The present study suggested that the reliability and factorial validity were confirmed in the DILS-C in college athletes.

To assess the reliability and validity of the Dietary Supplement Choice Questionnaire (DSCQ) to capture dietary supplement choice motives among Japanese college athletes. The cross-sectional study was performed in 2014. This study recruited 1,451 college athletes from sports-oriented clubs at the University of Tsukuba, Japan. The participants completed the DSCQ, health literacy, and subjective economic status; part of the participants completed a test-retest (n=378). A sample of 975 participants (28.0% female) included in the analysis. The DSCQ was developed through factor analysis. Seven factors emerged, and were labelled "popularity," "functionality," "price," "taste," "convenience," "antidoping" and "familiarity." Mostly acceptable reliability was seen across seven DSCQ factors (the internal consistency, Cronbach's α=0.62-0.85; the test-retest reliability coefficients, r=0.62-0.82), whereas convergent validity for price and antidoping factors was provided by significant associations with economic status and literacy (p<0.01). Findings showed reasonable evidence of reliability and validity of the DSCQ and provided the opportunity to comprehensively assess dietary supplement choice motives among Japanese college athletes.

Many studies have reported that subjective taste intensity is enhanced by odors which are congruent, for example a sweet taste and a vanilla odor. Some reports have suggested that subjective taste is more strongly enhanced by retronasal than by orthonasal odors; others have suggested that taste enhancements by both odor routes are identical. Differences between the two routes include the direction of airflow accompanying breath. Thus, it is possible that the order of gustatory and olfactory stimuli when breathing through either route while drinking is a determining factor for taste-odor integration. To reveal the natural relationship between taste intensity enhancement by odors and breath, synchronization of odor stimulation with the breath is necessary. Here, we examined whether the enhancement of a sweet taste is induced by a vanilla odor presented in various combinations of odor routes, immediately before and immediately after drinking. The results showed that a retronasal odor after drinking enhanced taste, but an orthonasal odor before drinking did not. The retronasal odor before drinking and the orthonasal odor after drinking did not enhance the sweet taste. These results show that congruency with the natural order of stimulus and kinetic sensation is a determining factor for odor-induced taste enhancement.

Increasing calcium (Ca) intake is important for female athletes with a risk of weak bone caused by inadequate food intake. The aim of the present study was to examine the preventive effect of Ca supplementation on low bone strength in young female athletes with inadequate food intake, using the rats as an experimental model. Seven-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: the sedentary and ad libitum feeding group (SED), voluntary running exercise and ad libitum feeding group (EX), voluntary running exercise and 30% food restriction group (EX-FR), and a voluntary running exercise, 30% food-restricted and high-Ca diet group (EX-FR+Ca). To Ca supplementation, we used 1.2% Ca diet as "high-Ca diet" that contains two-fold Ca of normal Ca diet. The experiment lasted for 12 weeks. As a result, the energy availability, internal organ weight, bone strength, bone mineral density, and Ca absorption in the EX-FR group were significantly lower than those in the EX group. The bone strength and Ca absorption in the EX-FR+Ca group were significantly higher than those in the EX-FR group. However, the bone strength in the EX-FR+Ca group did not reach that in the EX group. These results suggested that Ca supplementation had a positive effect on bone strength, but the effect was not sufficient to prevent lower bone strength caused by food restriction in young female athletes.

筑波大学の大学院生優志の団体つくば院生ネットワークが科学コミュニケーションの場として駅前キャンパスを企画した。つくば駅構内で一般人向けに大学院生や大学教員が自身の研究分野を紹介する企画である。 担当部分：研究の計画および実施，考察，原稿確認を担当

There is a concern that the combination of exercise with food intake reduction has a risk of reducing bone strength and bone mass in young female athletes. We examined the influence of the interaction of voluntary running exercise and food restriction on bone in young female rats. Seven-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: the sedentary and ad libitum feeding group (SED), voluntary running exercise and ad libitum feeding group (EX), sedentary and 30 % food restriction group (SED-FR), and voluntary running exercise and 30 % food restriction group (EX-FR). The experiment lasted 12 weeks. Statistical analysis was carried out by two-way analysis of variance with exercise and restriction as the between-subjects factors. As a result, there were significant interactions of running and restriction on energy availability, breaking force, breaking energy, and bone mineral density (BMD). Breaking force and energy in the EX group were significantly higher than in the SED group; breaking force and energy were significantly lower in the EX-FR group than in the EX group, and breaking force in the EX-FR group was significantly lower than that in the SED-FR group. BMD in the EX-FR group was significantly lower than in the EX and SED-FR groups. These results suggest that food restriction induced low bone strength in young female rats engaging in voluntary running exercise. Also, through the interaction of exercise and food restriction, voluntary running exercise combined food restriction, unlike ad libitum feeding conditions, induced low bone strength, and low BMD in young female rats.

これまで小中学生を対象としたバランスのとれた食事に関する意思決定バランスを評価できる尺度はない。そのため，本研究では小学高学年を対象として，バランスのとれた食事における意思決定バランス尺度を開発することとした。その結果，恩恵7項目，負担6項目からなる尺度を作成し，信頼性と因子的妥当性を確認した。 担当部分：研究の計画および実施，考察，原稿確認を担当

小中学生を対象に、自身の食生活に関する情報獲得に対する主観的評価と食品群別摂取状況との関連を検討した。その結果、主観的評価が高い者は野菜類やいも類の摂取量が多いことが明らかとなった。<br /> 担当部分：研究の計画および実施，考察，原稿確認を担当

Reduced estrogen secretion and low calcium (Ca) intake are risk factors for bone loss and arterial calcification in female rodents. To evaluate the effects of Ca intake at different amounts on bone mass changes and arterial calcification, 8-wk-old female Wistar rats were randomly placed in ovariectomized (OVX) control and OVX with vitamin D3 plus nicotine (VDN) treatment groups. The OVX with VDN rats were then divided into six groups to receive different amounts of Ca in their diets: 0.01%, 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.6%, 1.2%, or 2.4% Ca. After 8 wk of administration, low Ca intake groups with 0.01% and 0.1% Ca diets had significantly reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mechanical properties as compared with those of the other groups, whereas high Ca intake groups with 1.2% and 2.4% Ca diets showed no differences as compared with the 0.6% Ca intake group. For both the 0.01% and 2.4% Ca intake groups, Ca levels in their thoracic arteries were significantly higher as compared with those of the 0.6% Ca diet group, and that was highly correlated with serum PTH levels. An increase in relative BMP-2 mRNA expression in the arterial tissues of the 0.01% and 2.4% Ca diet groups was also observed. These results suggested that extremely low Ca intake during periods of estrogen deficiency may be a possible risk for the complications of reduced BMD and arterial calcification and that extremely high Ca intake may promote arterial calcification with no changes in BMD.

子どもにおける運動が望ましい食習慣と関連することが多く報告されている。しかし、若年成人における関連はこれまで報告されていない。そこで本研究では、若年成人を対象に自記式質問紙調査をおこなった。その結果、女性において運動と果実類摂取、男性において運動と魚介類摂取との間に有意な関連がみられた。運動は若年成人においても望まし食習慣と関連することが示唆された。 担当部分：研究の計画および実施，統計解析，考察，論文執筆を担当

主食・主菜・副菜を組み合わせた食事の摂取と食品群別摂取との関連を検討した。その結果、緑黄色野菜や魚介類摂取量などとの間に正の関連が男女ともに認められた。また、女性 における菓子類摂取量とは負の関連がみられた。 担当部分：研究の計画および実施，統計解析，考察，論文執筆を担当

筑波大学の大学院生優志の団体つくば院生ネットワークが異分野コミュニケーションの場としてプレゼンひろばを企画した。図書館のエントランスフロアーにて週替わりに様々な分野の院生が研究プレゼンを行う企画である。 担当部分：研究の計画および実施，考察，論文執筆を担当

ホエイとカゼインの当量混合摂取の効果を血中アミノ酸濃度にて評価した。その結果、男性において、混合摂取はそれぞれの単独摂取に比べアミノ酸酸化が抑制されている可能性が示唆された 担当部分：研究の計画および実施，統計解析，考察，論文執筆を担当

大学アメフットチームに所属する選手を対象に身体計測、血液検査および食事調査を行い、ポジションによる相違を検討した。その結果、LinemanはBacksと比較して、肥満や血液検査で異常値を示す者が多いことが明らかとなった。 担当部分：研究の計画および実施，統計解析，考察，論文執筆を担当

高い抗酸化活性を持つリコピンの摂取が運動による酸化ストレスを消去できるかを雌ラットで検討した。その結果、リコピン摂取によって骨強度は増加したものの、酸化ストレスへの影響は観察されなかった。<br /> 担当部分：研究の計画および実施，統計解析を担当。