Aritomi Junya

This paper collects earthenware with ink inscription of " 奉" and " 本", and analyses the characteristics of ruins from which the ink writing earthenware was excavated. Earthenware with ink inscription of "本" is often excavated. According to Minami HIRAKAWA's research, this " 本" is an abbreviation of " 奉". Putting these earthenware together and reviewing it, we would come to conclusions below. Firstly, these earthenware is excavated mainly in eastern Japan, but it is also found on a nationwide scale. Secondly, we can basically confirm that these earthenware was made in the late 8th century. And it was used in the Heijokyo Capital, then it spread to various areas. Thirdly, we can see the extensive influence of the earthenware as it has not only been excavated from remains of Kokuhu (provincial capital) and Kokubunji (provincial monastery), but also been found in the ruins of local government offices at township level and common villages. On the other hand, as the same kind of abbreviation can also be seen on the ink writing earthenware that excavated of Silla, we assume that the ritual form of using these earthenware had been brought into Japan from Silla in the 8th century.

This paper discusses the period of the establishment of shaden (shrine halls) by examining the relationship they had with the ritsuryo state as well as the relationship between the state and shrines during the Heian period.Although considerable research has been carried out on when and how shaden came into being, there is little that addresses this topic while sufficiently assimilating the findings of past research.Through a study of previous research, the first chapter examines in detail the period when shaden were built. As a result, the author arrived at two hypotheses: 1) the formation of the ritsuryo state and the establishment of shaden occurred almost simultaneously; and 2) before the formation of the ritsuryo state there were two main types of religious venue: mori with no buildings and hokura with buildings.The second chapter examines the relationship between hokura and shaden by studying Chinese temples called "she" as well as using records from the Heian period. Because these Chinese religious venues did not have buildings, the author surmises that shrine buildings are peculiar to Japan and were not influenced by China. That being the case, we may also conclude that pre-7th century hokura are closely linked to shrine buildings. This suggests that around the time of the formation of the ritsuryo state and the establishment of the system of offerings for a bountiful harvest," shrines" with buildings were also built as regional religious venues.In examining the first hypothesis presented in the first chapter, the third chapter considers the relationship between shaden and the state and provincial governors during the Heian period following the changes that occurred to the ritsuryo state in the 10th century. A study of worship by provincial governors and shrine repairs showed that from the 10th century the prosperity or decline of shaden had a lot to do with provincial governors. Despite slight differences between this period and the ritsuryo period, rulers and provincial governors played an important role in maintaining shaden.In conclusion, the ritsuryo state was deeply involved in the establishment of shaden, and shaden were maintained chiefly through the role played by provincial governors in the Heian period as well.

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