Anna Matsukawa

This study proposes a scale that measures the disaster resilience of individuals as members of a disaster-resilient society. We constructed the Disaster Resilience Scale for Individuals (DRSi) by using the survey data of 10,000 individuals across Japan, and extracting 8 factors from 24 items. The verification process shows that DRSi scores differ based on the respondents’ gender and area of residence, thus reflecting the impact of gender-based division of roles in Japan, and region-specific disaster experiences. We also propose a short version of the DRSi for the convenience of data collection. Furthermore, DRSi is expected to work as an effective tool for measuring resilience at the individual level to evaluate the impact of an intervention on a local community.

Although the overall crime rate of an area decreases after a major disaster, the occurrence of some types of crime may increase. This may be explained by the routine activity theory, which suggests that the absence of a capable guardian and other factors induce occurrence of crime, such as when houses become temporarily unoccupied due to the evacuation of disaster victims and absence of competent guards. This study used interference analysis to investigate whether the aftermath of the 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan, temporarily increased the number of burglaries in the affected areas. Specifically, we examined whether the number of recognized burglaries temporarily increased after the earthquakes by dividing the land in Kumamoto Prefecture into two areas: one with severe earthquake damage and the other with minor damage. Results demonstrated an increase in the number of burglaries in the severely damaged areas in April and May 2016. The impact of the earthquakes was significant in April, but decreased notably in May. Contrastingly, the number of burglaries remained unchanged in areas with minor earthquake damage. Therefore, a correlation was found between the severe damage caused by the earthquakes and the transient increase in the number of burglaries.

This study aims to explore the elements necessary to solve the problem of shelter quality in disaster-affected areas in Japan. The researchers identified twelve positive deviant good practice evacuation shelter management cases from four significant disasters over the past ten years. Interviews with twelve leaders were transcribed. Three disaster researchers from sociology, public health, and architectural backgrounds as well as two crisis management practitioners independently extracted key terms from the same transcript. Through the Affinity Diagram method, eight mutually exclusive super-conceptual clusters emerged. Five out of eight super-clusters corresponded with areas that were prescribed by the National government-issued Evacuation Shelter Management Guideline. Three unique super-clusters also appeared to be characteristic of the competent shelter operation.

This study aims to clarify: 1) the life recovery trajectories that the Great East Japan Earthquake (GEJE) survivors have followed; 2) the interrelationships between the life recovery trajectories and pre-existing inequalities as well as post-event social environmental changes; and 3) pre-and post-GEJE characteristics of the survivors with stagnant life recovery. The analyses are based on five-wave panel data from “Natori City Life Recovery Population Panel Survey” (n = 316), which was conducted in Natori City, Miyagi Prefecture from the fourth to the tenth years after the GEJE. Cluster analysis was performed to classify the life recovery trajectories and identified six distinct patterns. Two types of them remained at a low level of life recovery throughout the five-wave survey. Multiple correspondence analysis was conducted to analyze the relationships among life recovery trajectory patterns, pre-existing inequalities, and post-event social environmental changes. As a result, the survivors in these two types were typically older people, small household members, poor people, and persons with disabilities. These findings indicate that people with vulnerabilities who would experienced daily life troubles before the GEJE were also struggling even after the disaster.

A questionnaire survey and comparative analysis was conducted among disaster-experienced local government officials and the General Advisers for Disaster Management (GADM) to clarify the characteristics of perceptions and behaviors of disaster management tasks. As a result of the survey, it was clarified that disaster-experienced local government officials have the higher tendency to think that each element of disaster management task is an action mainly taken by themselves, than support staffs. The characteristics of the disaster management process followed by disaster-management experts were extracted.

In this paper, we propose “kata” (Japanese reading of “form of essence”) of facilitation of community, based disaster management activities, based on a literature survey and an interview survey with experts involved in developing disaster prevention plans in several local communities. In particular, first, based on reports on domestic efforts and research about solution of local problems, we propose “kata” to promote disaster prevention activities of local communities. Next, we describe a semi-structured interview survey with the experts. Finally, based on the survey results， we confirm that “kata” proposed in this paper can explain their actual facilitation process.

In the GEJE, the mortality rate of people with disabilities (PWD) was more than doubled in Miyagi Prefecture, where the normalization was advanced and widely practiced. The root cause of their high mortalities lies in the siloization of normal time social services and emergency time operations. The fundamental solution is to seamlessly connect those two silos. In order to break through the situation, the existence of the “inclusion manager” is important as a role that connects multiple stakeholders. In this study, data from interviews with high-performing inclusion managers were repeatedly validated using data interactive methods.

The authors conducted the structural equation modeling based on the questionnaire survey to municipalities, in order to reveal causal relations between the disaster response by local government utilizing resources within affected regions and “universalization”, “boundary crossing” and “cooperation” before disaster. The results are as follows; firstly, “cooperation” is a parameter of “boundary crossing”. Secondary, “universalization” and “boundary crossing” have relations to “maximization of resource within affected regions” and “optimization of organizational management”during a disaster. Finally, this paper shows specific elements of “universalization” and “boundary crossing”.

The purpose of this study is to attempt to develop a measurement scale based on the theoretical model of bosai literacy. When the model is repeatedly disproved and the most robust model is accepted as a theory, the scale will be used as a standardized measurement scale. As a first step toward this goal, this study attempts to develop a scale to measure bosai literacy in a way that follows the construct validation paradigm. In order to examine the results internally, a field survey was conducted in Tajiri-cho, Osaka Prefecture. As a result, we succeeded in developing a scale with reliability that can withstand continuous use.

<p>The purpose of this research is the following two. 1) By analyzing the panel data of 4 waves in Natori city using a fixed effect model, the confounding factors that do not change with time are removed, and the effect of the seven elements of life reconstruction on the feeling of life reconstruction is examined more precisely. 2) Then, by examining the interaction between each of the seven elements of life reconstruction and time, we examine the temporal importance of each element. The sample consists of all households of survivors in Natori City, Miyagi Prefecture. Panel data at four points in 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017 are used. As a result of analysis using the fixed-effect model, the importance of the sense of recovery of the lives of the doctors, jobs, and housing, which was revealed in the recovery study after the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, was reconfirmed. We also clarified the difference in the temporal importance of each element.</p>

<p>This study aims to investigate how pre-disaster household social vulnerability affect long-term housing recovery after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake. This study used Natori City data (N=936) consisted of the 2015 Natori City Life Recovery Population Survey Data and the entire record of temporary housing residency in Natori City. The result shows that household vulnerabilities such as family size, pre-disaster job, pre-disaster home ownership, gender and their interaction terms affect speed of permanent housing recovery. Finally, the application of results to disaster case management and recovery planning is discussed.</p>

<p>After reviewing data from the pre-post competency test, "table-top exercise of disaster management" conducted by DRI did not show the ability improvement of participants. Considering the issue， we set up study group with municipal government officials (who had experienced disaster management) to improve new types of exercises. In this study， we introduced the development process of newly designed exercises and tested the efficiency of exercises with the instrument named Disaster Response Competency Profile Indices.</p>

<p>Based on lessons learned from the Kumamoto earthquake, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC) discussed a scheme for dispatching local government officials to the affected areas and established a "system for securing staff to support municipalities in the affected areas". The system was put into operation from the torrential rains of July 2018, but the process for providing on-site support has not been indicated at this time. When a disaster occurs on a scale that cannot be handled by local government resources alone, a rapid request for assistance and smooth acceptance of assistance are necessary. The purpose of this study is to develop a scale for evaluating the local government's ability to request support at the time of a disaster, and to identify common and individual differences in the disaster management process of "the General Adviser for Disaster Management" at the disaster management headquarters. A standardized disaster response process is also proposed based on the results.</p>

<p> This study has two main purposes. First, analyze factors of decision-making for self-recovery residents about reconstruction places on the recovery projects. Second, based on the factors, discover characteristics of self-recovery residents in the recovery projects area and discover what kind of people will join the recovery project by public sector. Liner discriminant analysis was applied to the questionnaire survey data by Natori city on disaster survivors. The results were the followings: 1) made 10 scales as factors and verified 6 of them had significant influence on decision-making about reconstruction places. 2) there were many differences from the perspective of life recovery. 3) estimated the number of respondents joining recovery projects was 945 through the analysis model in this paper.</p>

<p>The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the impact of inclusive disaster drill. Older and/or disabled people have been known to suffer more severe damages in disasters, and the root cause of those damages is due to the siloed approaches are taken by social service and disaster management organizations. To solve the root cause, it is necessary to have an inclusive disaster prevention activity. The evaluation is performed using the disaster literacy scale by IPW method. In results, it confirmed that participation in disaster drill had a positive impact on the improvement of disaster literacy.</p>

<p>The purpose of this study is to investigate causal effects of designated temporary housing policy on housing recovery. This study used two sets of population recovery data. The first was the 2015 Natori City Life Recovery Population Survey Data (N=1,695 out of 2331 households, return rate 72.7%). The second was the entire record of temporary housing residency in Natori City (N=3088 households). These datum were integrated (N=1206). After confounding adjustment by the propensity score analysis, survival analysis was conducted. The result showed that the effects of temporary housing types on temporary housing residency was non-significant when confounding factors were controlled.</p>

Crime prevention activities led by neighborhood associations are common throughout Japan and exemplify the idea in environmental criminology that communities can be kept safe by residents themselves. In this study, we surveyed neighborhood associations in Kyoto to test a theoretical model for social capital and community based crime prevention that we developed as part of our earlier work in Kobe. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) based on survey data and police records for street crimes and residential burglary suggest that specific efforts by community residents can enrich social capital and lead to community safety and security both subjectively and objectively. Social capital had a significant effect on the reduction of street crime, although not for burglary, and our findings suggest that social capital reduces the fear of crime and increases a sense well-being for families and seniors. Although these well-being measures are subjective, emotional change is important in a context where there is no association between actual crime rates and fear of crime. Our research may offer practical insights for the development of universal methodologies that can contribute to the prevention of crime and sense of security through community empowerment.

<p>While many training programs for disaster management officers were conducted throughout Japan,there is not enough research that prove the effect of training programs. In this study, we tested the efficiency of "professional training course on disaster management'' with the instrument named" Disaster Response Competency Profile Indices (DRCPI)". We found that the developed competencies vary with the level of training course. At the same time, we found that some program did not contribute the development of participants' competency. The impact of training programs asks the meaning to continue programs or not.</p>

<p>The purpose of this paper is to verify how the difference of temporary housing affects the housing recovery of the Great East Japan Earthquake especially focused on people lives in Designated Temporary Housing (DTH). The sample consists of whole households of temporary dwellers and surviver who already recover their home in Natori City, Miyagi. Using both 2014 and 2015 survey data and conduct a number of cross tabulation analysis.</p>

This paper reveal what prescribes the agreement or disagreement to provide personal information at the time of disaster. In results, the reliance for community welfare commissioners is a very important factor to encourage the agreement to provide personal information. For that, conducted workshop to welfare commissioner and questionnaire research to people with special needs in times of disaster (PSND). From experience of the Great East Japan Earthquake, it has become clear there are still many subjects about evacuation support for In order to cope with this subject, it is necessary to encourage the agreement to provide personal information. In results, the confidence for community welfare commissioners would encourage the agreement to provide personal information.

<p>In this study, qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed the workshop data of 2013 life recovery assessment workshop, and clarify the characteristic of four different types of dwellers; 1) Government-Rented-Privately-Owned- TemporaryHousing (GRPOTM), 2) prefabricated temporary housing complexes, 3) tsunami affected (and repaired) own homes, and 4) newly rebuilt own homes. In this research, qualitative workshop data was quantified by using the dual scaling method. Results showed that each of four types of survivors were separated in four groups. Secondly, grouped categories such as "clarified recovery plan", "pension and medical care costs", "having social ties" and "city planning which attracts younger population" appeared in the center of all four quadrants. This means those four categories were unanimously important for all groups.</p>

<p>This paper aims to improve life recovery support system of disaster survivor based on target marketing method which is survivor segmentation. Multiple correspondence analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis was applied to the questionnaire survey data by Natori city on disaster survivors. The results were the followings: 1) Survivor's attributes and current situation arrange intersection of decision make of housing rebuilding and, life recovery score and physical-mental stress. 2) And, the categories clustered life difficulty, re-housing difficulty, elder husband and elder wife, outside of the prefecture, outside of the city and other. 3) Survivors Segments consisted of need of heavy support, support of housing rebuilding, light follow-up and cooperation with the government of outside the city.</p>

<p>In the previous research on social capital, only a few had been focused on the social characteristics of a region as a basic foundation that nurtures social capital. In particular, how population, income, aging population and other social background influence its social capital formation. In this paper, a simultaneous analysis of several groups was conducted, using theft records, arson records, Management Unions' Fundamental Survey from 2007, 2008 and 2010 and Nation Census 2005, to empirically examine what type of social background affects the 5 factors promoting social capital (Tatsuki, 2007; 2008). This study clarified what factors promoting social capital exists in regions with what types of social background. The suggestion to communities to improve their performance in social capital were discussed.</p>

<p>There is a proposed model that 1)informal social activities such as residents participation, community events, and say hello increase community social capital, 2)community incivility increase crime, and 3)community social capital decline incivility. This model was tested on 2007 and 2008 "Fundamental Research of Neighborhood Community and Management Association in Kobe city" and 2009 "A Survey of 10,000 residents in Kobe city" by structural equation modeling. This causal modeling was confirmed and founded that informal social activities increases social capital and social capital had direct effect to community safety.</p>

<p>Both environmental factor and community factor are effective for crime prevention. However, there is not so much empirical study of community factor. This study tries to reveal the complex dynamics of environmental and community factors on burglaries. Field research outcomes shows the community factor is a fundamental element for enchantment of community crime-prevention. It is analogized that it makes amends for incomplete environmental considerations in environmental factor by enforcing community factor by the resident, and the number of burglary was able to be suppressed.</p>