松川 杏寧

This study aims to clarify: 1) the life recovery trajectories that the Great East Japan Earthquake (GEJE) survivors have followed; 2) the interrelationships between the life recovery trajectories and pre-existing inequalities as well as post-event social environmental changes; and 3) pre-and post-GEJE characteristics of the survivors with stagnant life recovery. The analyses are based on five-wave panel data from “Natori City Life Recovery Population Panel Survey” (n = 316), which was conducted in Natori City, Miyagi Prefecture from the fourth to the tenth years after the GEJE. Cluster analysis was performed to classify the life recovery trajectories and identified six distinct patterns. Two types of them remained at a low level of life recovery throughout the five-wave survey. Multiple correspondence analysis was conducted to analyze the relationships among life recovery trajectory patterns, pre-existing inequalities, and post-event social environmental changes. As a result, the survivors in these two types were typically older people, small household members, poor people, and persons with disabilities. These findings indicate that people with vulnerabilities who would experienced daily life troubles before the GEJE were also struggling even after the disaster.

A questionnaire survey and comparative analysis was conducted among disaster-experienced local government officials and the General Advisers for Disaster Management (GADM) to clarify the characteristics of perceptions and behaviors of disaster management tasks. As a result of the survey, it was clarified that disaster-experienced local government officials have the higher tendency to think that each element of disaster management task is an action mainly taken by themselves, than support staffs. The characteristics of the disaster management process followed by disaster-management experts were extracted.

In this paper, we propose “kata” (Japanese reading of “form of essence”) of facilitation of community, based disaster management activities, based on a literature survey and an interview survey with experts involved in developing disaster prevention plans in several local communities. In particular, first, based on reports on domestic efforts and research about solution of local problems, we propose “kata” to promote disaster prevention activities of local communities. Next, we describe a semi-structured interview survey with the experts. Finally, based on the survey results， we confirm that “kata” proposed in this paper can explain their actual facilitation process.

In the GEJE, the mortality rate of people with disabilities (PWD) was more than doubled in Miyagi Prefecture, where the normalization was advanced and widely practiced. The root cause of their high mortalities lies in the siloization of normal time social services and emergency time operations. The fundamental solution is to seamlessly connect those two silos. In order to break through the situation, the existence of the “inclusion manager” is important as a role that connects multiple stakeholders. In this study, data from interviews with high-performing inclusion managers were repeatedly validated using data interactive methods.

The authors conducted the structural equation modeling based on the questionnaire survey to municipalities, in order to reveal causal relations between the disaster response by local government utilizing resources within affected regions and “universalization”, “boundary crossing” and “cooperation” before disaster. The results are as follows; firstly, “cooperation” is a parameter of “boundary crossing”. Secondary, “universalization” and “boundary crossing” have relations to “maximization of resource within affected regions” and “optimization of organizational management”during a disaster. Finally, this paper shows specific elements of “universalization” and “boundary crossing”.