林 知里

【目的】新型コロナウイルス感染症(以下、COVID-19)拡大による子育て(生活、育児、こども)への影響に対する未就学児をもつ母親の認識に関係する因子を明らかにすることを目的とした。【方法】兵庫県内の産科と小児科を有する総合病院、クリニックおよび診療所に通院している妊娠中または未就学児をもつ親に対し、無記名自己記入式質問紙による横断調査を実施した。調査期間は2020年12月から2021年2月であった。所属機関の研究倫理委員会の承認を得て実施した。【結果】有効回答数は、父親が回答していた1件を除いた113件とした。母親の平均年齢は34.3±5.1歳(平均±SD)、妊娠中の母親は63名(55.7%)、そのうち初産婦は36名(31.8%)で、子育て中の母親は77名(68.1%)であった。COVID-19の影響に対する母親の認識は、重回帰分析の結果、生活への影響は、母親の抑うつ傾向(β=0.26,p<0.05)と有意な関係性を認めた。育児への影響は、母親の抑うつ傾向(β=0.38,p<0.01)、妊娠の有無(β=0.69,p<0.01)、末子の年齢(β=-0.01,p<0.05)、育児サービスの利用(β=-0.01,p<0.05)が有意に関係し、こどもへの影響には、母親の抑うつ傾向(β=0.35,p<0.01)、母親の外向性(β=-0.08,p<0.01)、妊娠の有無(β=0.38,p<0.05)、長子の年齢(β=0.01,p<0.01)が有意に関係していた。【結論】COVID-19の育児とこどもへの影響に対する母親の認識は、背景因子に加え、母親の心理的要因や性格傾向がそれぞれ関係していた。COVID-19の影響の捉え方には、個人的な特性が影響していると考えられ、特性に沿った個別的な支援が重要であろう。また、育児サービスの利用がこどもへの影響の認識に関係しており、育児サービス利用の促進および抑制要因を検討することが必要であると考える。(著者抄録)

This study investigated the relationship between twin language, twins' close ties, and social competence in a prospective longitudinal study. We hypothesized that twins whose tie is close would be more likely to develop a twin language, and these twins would be less likely to develop social competence. In addition, we hypothesize that some environmental factors, such as having an older sibling, preschool attendance, zygosity, and sex are also related to twin language, twins' close ties, and social competence. At baseline in 1999 a mailed questionnaire survey was conducted, and a follow-up questionnaire was distributed in 2004 among 958 mothers. As a result, 516 respondents returned the questionnaire (53.9%). In this study, we used 261 twin pairs aged from 6 to 12 years (school-age children) for analysis, excluding those with missing values. In the present study, we found that zygosity and sex were associated with twins' close ties. Having an older sibling and preschool attendance did not affect the twins' close tie, twin language, or social competence. One of the most important findings was that social competence was not affected directly by twins' close tie, but was affected when a twin language was found.

目的:単胎児と多胎児の父親の育児参加度を予測する要因を明らかにする.方法:多胎児の父親1,016人と単胎児の父親300人に自記式調査用紙を配布.多胎児の父親211人,単胎児の父親101人から返答を得た(回収率:20.8%・33.7%).結果:子どもが0歳時点の父親の育児参加度は,多胎児の父親では,「妻の妊婦健診に付き添った」「子育ての悩みを友人・同僚に相談した」「妻は,子育てに関する自分の頑張りをほめてくれた」「妻は,仕事での自分の頑張りをほめてくれた(負の関連)」「子育ては,男女ともに協力して行うものである」で回帰係数が有意であった(調整済みR^2値=0.326).一方,単胎児の父親では,「妻は,子育てに関する自分の頑張りをほめてくれた」「子どもを育てることに対してあまり関心が持てない(負の関連)」「地域での活動や仕事などを通じて,子どもたちとかかわりをもちたい」「仕事と子育ての両立には,上司や同僚の理解が必要である」で回帰係数が有意であった(調整済みR^2値=0.366).同様に,子どもが1・2歳時点および3〜5歳時点での育児参加度を予測する要因についても分析した結果,0歳時点で有意差があった項目のうち1〜2項目においては有意差が認められなかったが,全体として同様の傾向が認められた.考察:単胎児と多胎児の父親では,異なる要因が育児参加度を予測していた.父親の背景にある要因を考慮し,育児参加をスムーズに促すアプローチが重要であろう.

目的：母親の育児に関する相談事について３か月児健康診査のデータから実態を明らかにし，地域母子保健における効果的な支援のあり方を検討した．<br/>方法：大阪市B区の３か月児健康診査を受診した児の健診データのうち，個人情報を除外したものを用いた．<br/>結果：分析対象者は2,552人であった．相談事を記載していた母親は1,213人 （47.6%） で，相談内容は，「皮膚の手当て」が最も多く，「授乳」，「便」等が多かった．相談あり群は，第１子，集合住宅居住者，生活の困りごとのある者，気分や体調が悪い者，自分の時間がなく苦痛と感じている者に有意に多かった．一方，なんとなく不安と回答しながら，相談事を記載していない母親が36.1%認められた．<br/>結論：相談内容は現時点の問題が多く，相談事の有無には母親の背景要因が影響していた．不安があるが相談事を記載していない母親もおり，相談事記載の有無や項目数のみでは，育児不安や育児負担感を測れないことが示された．

More than 100 pairs of adult twins, reared apart and growing old separately, have participated in the Japanese Study of Adult Twins Reared Apart and Growing Old Separately since it began in 1974. The subjects are 161 pairs of adult twins born between 1910 and 1945 in Japan. The main focus of this study is to investigate the influences of environmental factors and life history on life satisfaction and psychological well-being in later adulthood. A mail survey has been conducted on these twins each year since 1974. To date, the Wechsler Adult Intelligent Scale, Maudsley Personality Inventory, Newgarten Life Satisfaction Index, comprehensive medical examinations and personal interviews have been conducted for 12 twin pairs residing in various areas of Japan.

The Osaka University Aged Twin Registry (OUATR) is the largest adult twin registry in Japan. Since its establishment in 1974, the OUATR has conducted a number of studies with particular focus on the environmental contribution to physical-cognitive-mental aging, longevity and aging-dependent diseases in later adulthood. The registry consists of 12,000 pairs of Japanese twins born between 1900 and 1935. Two hundred and fifty pairs of twins have undergone comprehensive medical examination to date. Follow-up questionnaires have been mailed out on a regular basis, for the purpose of checking current vital statuses, health conditions, and so forth. The main objective of this longitudinal twin study is to contribute to the prevention of lifestyle-related diseases and the promotion of successful aging.

In general, twins have delayed language development early in childhood compared with singletons. The purpose of this study was to clarify the overall linguistic features of twins. A Japanese version of the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (ITPA) was administered in 24 twin pairs (aged 3 to 4 years) at their own homes. The overall language abilities of the twins were in the normal range (based on ITPA normative data: mean scale score 36.0 +/- 6.0 points), and for the ITPA subtests only, Auditory Reception fell within the range of language disorder (mean scale score 24.9 +/- 5.1 points). The findings suggest that in 3- to 4-year-old Japanese twins, overall language abilities are not delayed. However, there may be specific difficulties with auditory reception skills.

The definition and nature of twin language has been a focus of recent studies concerned with the phenomenon. There has been a call for a tighter definition and understanding of the meaning of twin language (Thorpe et al., 2001). This article sought to identify social factors associated with the parent report of twin language and thus provide further understanding of the phenomenon. Data from 583 mothers of twins aged 25 to 59 months were analyzed using multiple logistic regression. Factors included in the modeling of parent-report twin language included social experience factors such as presence of siblings, attendance at preschool education and reports of nonverbal play. It was found that twin pairs who didn't have an older sibling, who showed frequent nonverbal play and who didn't attend preschool were more likely to have a twin language. Moreover, in the group not having an older sibling, the influence of whether twins attended preschool or not was strong and the odds ratio was 0.589 (95% confidence intervals 0.360-0.963). The findings suggest that social experience factors are important predictors of the parent reporting of twin language.

OBJECTIVES: The appearance of 'twin language' has been highlighted as a reason for delayed language development in twins. 'Twin language' is a unique language understandable only within the pair, and not by their mother or others. The purpose of this study was to examine and clarify the factors affecting the appearance of 'twin language'. METHODS: A mailed questionnaires survey was conducted in 2733 mothers of twins. Of them, 1395 mothers returned the questionnaires. The core questionnaire asked for data on birth weight, age at first spoken word, whether the twins were as alike as two peas in a pod, household members and non-verbal play. Logistic regression analysis was used in this study. RESULTS: Out of the 1395 pairs included in this analysis, 598 pairs (42.9%) showed the appearance of a 'twin language'. When the 598 pairs were divided by whether the twin pair was exactly alike or not, there were 112 opposite sex pairs, 105 not-alike male pairs, 106 not-alike female pairs, 129 exactly alike male pairs and 140 exactly alike female pairs. Namely, 38.4% of the opposite sex pairs, 40.4% of the not-alike male pairs, 39.3% of the not-alike female pairs, 47.6% of the exactly alike male pairs and 48.4% in the exactly alike female pairs had a twin language. By multivariate logistic regression analysis controlling for twins' age, it was found that 'twin language' was significantly more frequent in exactly alike twin pairs, pairs with non-verbal play, and pairs with fewer older siblings. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that three factors (whether the twin pair is exactly alike or not, older siblings, non-verbal play) affect the appearance of 'twin language'.

目的: 本研究では, 障害児の母親が障害児の親の会 (以下SHGとする) に主体的に参加するまでのプロセスを質的に分析することにより, 母親の「心理的エンパワメント」とSHGへのかかわり方との関連を明らかにすることを目的とした.<BR>方法: 2つのSHGに参加している母親16人と父親1人にインタビューを行った.SHGへの参加期間が多様になるように配慮し (理論的サンプリング) , 参加期間1年程度 (4人) , 3～7年 (7人: 父親1人を含む) , 10年以上 (5人) を対象として選定した.インタビューは質問票を用いて半構造的に行い, データの分析には, B.Glaser and A.StraussのGrounded Theory法を用いた.<BR>結果: SHGへの『かかわり方』には, 1) 『興味・関心・動機付けから模索的参加』2) 『模索的参加から探求的参加』3) 『探求的参加から支援的参加』という3つの段階があり, 各段階に応じて, 1) 『人・自分を理解する力』2) 『違いを認め尊重する人間関係を築く力』3) 『人の力を引き出す力』の3つの能力が形成されていた.『かかわり方』の中では, 「自分の客観視, 相対化」, 「メンバーの多様性の気づき」, 「経験の語り」の経験が, 力の形成と関係していた.