永井 成美

【目的】特別な支援が必要な児童生徒への食育では，学習者の保有する感覚を活用した教具の選択が重要とされるが，その有効性を検証した研究は少ない。我々は特別支援教育において立体識別感覚を重視した教具が広く活用されている現状に着目し，「障害の種類や程度が様々で特別な支援を必要とする児童生徒への食育において，立体教具は平面教具と比べて児童生徒のより高い関心と反応を引き出す」との仮説を立てた。この仮説の検証を目的として以下の研究を行った。<br>【方法】学習者は肢体不自由を主とした障害を有するＳ養護学校小学～高等部の45名（参加率54.2％）であり，2013年9月に疑似収穫体験を主活動とする食育を行った。教具は，給食や栽培体験でなじみがある野菜8種類とした。B1 サイズのパネル（縦）の右半分に紙，左半分に布を張り畑の様子を再現し，右半分にはほぼ実物大の作物を模した平面教具（紙製），左半分には立体教具（布製）を同数マジックテープ等で張り付けた。児童生徒はクラス単位（4～6名）でランチルームに来室し，約15分間壁面に張り付けた畑から作物を自由に収穫した。児童生徒の反応（視線・発声等）と収穫数を観察者が記録しスコア化した。担任からは自由記述による評価を得た。<br>【結果】立体教具は，平面教具よりも反応スコア，収穫数ともに有意に高値を示した。担任評価からも立体教具の優位性が示された。<br>【結論】本研究で対象とした特別支援学校における児童生徒への食育において，立体識別感覚を重視した立体教具によって児童生徒のより高い関心や反応を引き出すことが，平面教具との比較において示唆された。

BACKGROUND: Clock genes regulate circadian rhythm and are involved in various physiological processes, including digestion. We therefore investigated the association between the CLOCK 3111T/C single nucleotide polymorphism and the Period3 (PER3) variable-number tandem-repeat polymorphism (either 4 or 5 repeats 54 nt in length) with morning gastric motility. METHODS: Lifestyle questionnaires and anthropometric measurements were performed with 173 female volunteers (mean age, 19.4 years). Gastric motility, evaluated by electrogastrography (EGG), blood pressure, and heart rate levels were measured at 8:30 a.m. after an overnight fast. For gastric motility, the spectral powers (% normal power) and dominant frequency (DF, peak of the power spectrum) of the EGG were evaluated. The CLOCK and PER3 polymorphisms were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. RESULTS: Subjects with the CLOCK C allele (T/C or C/C genotypes: n = 59) showed a significantly lower DF (mean, 2.56 cpm) than those with the T/T genotype (n = 114, 2.81 cpm, P < 0.05). Subjects with the longer PER3 allele (PER34/5 or PER35/5 genotypes: n = 65) also showed a significantly lower DF (2.55 cpm) than those with the shorter PER34/4 genotype (n = 108, 2.83 cpm, P < 0.05). Furthermore, subjects with both the T/C or C/C and PER34/5 or PER35/5 genotypes showed a significantly lower DF (2.43 cpm, P < 0.05) than subjects with other combinations of the alleles (T/T and PER34/4 genotype, T/C or C/C and PER34/4 genotypes, and T/T and PER34/5 or PER35/5 genotypes). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that minor polymorphisms of the circadian rhythm genes CLOCK and PER3 may be associated with poor morning gastric motility, and may have a combinatorial effect. The present findings may offer a new viewpoint on the role of circadian rhythm genes on the peripheral circadian systems, including the time-keeping function of the gut.

炭酸水の口腔内刺激 (清涼感) に着目し, 炭酸水の飲水が実体温をどの程度変化させるのか, その反応は炭酸の口腔内刺激のみでも起こるのかどうかを明らかにするために, 等温・等量の炭酸水と水を用いた飲用試験と偽飲 (Sham-feeding；SF) による口腔内刺激のみの試験を行った。炭酸水の飲水 (炭酸水) , 水の飲水 (水) , 炭酸水の偽飲 (炭酸水SF) , 水の偽飲 (水SF) の4試行をrandomized crossover designで実施した。前夜10時より絶食した若年女性13名に, 室温を26℃に保持した実験室で異なる日の朝9時にサンプル (15℃, 250 mL) を負荷した。心電図 (心拍数, 心拍変動) をサンプル負荷前20分間および負荷後40分間測定し, 深部体温 (鼓膜温) , 末梢体温 (足先温) を高感度サーモセンサーで連続測定した。鼓膜温は水・炭酸水ともにSFでは変化せず, 飲水で一過性に低下した。足先温は, 飲水 (水, 炭酸水) で約2.5-3℃低下し, 水SFでは約1℃の低下であったのに対し炭酸水SFでは約2.5℃の低下を認めた。心拍数は, 炭酸水, 炭酸水SFで負荷直後に一過性に上昇した。結果より, 炭酸水の口腔内刺激 (味, 炭酸刺激) のみでも足先温や心拍数を変化させることが示された。

【目的】聴覚障がい幼児において発音の獲得は重要な教育課題であり，給食や食育を通して口腔機能の発達を支援することは栄養教諭に求められる専門性と考えられる。そこで，聴覚特別支援学校に在籍する幼児と保護者を対象として，「よく噛んで食べること」を給食や家庭の食事で意識・実践するための食教育を行い，PDCサイクルの各段階における評価により実施効果と課題を検討した。<br>【方法】2012年5～11月に，Ｋ聴覚特別支援学校の在籍児（4・5歳児17名）とその保護者（17名）に食教育を実施した。幼児には，視覚教材「かみかみ人形」を用いた咀嚼指導と給食時の声かけを行った。保護者には，よく噛むことが発音や歯並びに与える利点や家庭での取組み方法を講義等で伝えた。食教育の前後に，聴覚支援教育専門教員であるクラス担任（以下クラス担任と記す）の給食時観察による咀嚼状況調査と保護者への質問紙調査を行った。企画評価は，クラス担任とのミーティングによる指導案の評価，および幼稚園教育要領「ねらい及び内容」との整合性の評価を行った。プロセス評価は，食教育への学習者（保護者）の感想，咀嚼指導へのクラス担任の意見，および夏休み後の中間調査に関して行い，影響評価は，前後比較の結果から実施効果と課題を検討した。<br>【結果】企画段階の評価は良好であったが，プロセス評価では，保護者やクラス担任の意見からは，幼児への意識づけの難しさ等の課題が，夏休み後の中間調査からは，取組みが後退した家庭があることが明らかとなった。影響評価では，クラス担任の給食時観察で「所見あり」であった9名中6名に改善が見られ，家庭では，「歯ごたえを残すように調理する」との回答が有意に増加し，平日のテレビ等視聴時間が有意に減少した。<br>【結論】前後比較の結果から，食教育後に給食時の咀嚼状況や家庭での取組みに改善が見られた。一方で，夏休み中の「後戻り」防止が課題となった。今後は，食教育内容の改善と継続的な実践が望まれる。

【目的】温かい飲食物摂取後の，「体の温かさ」や体温の変化を検討した報告は少ない。本研究の目的は，温度の異なるスープをサンプルとして，飲食物の温度が摂食者の主観的温度感覚と深部・末梢体温に及ぼす影響を調べることである。<br>【方法】前夜から絶食した若年女性20名に，異なる日の朝9時に，65&deg;Cスープ摂取，対照として 37&deg;Cスープ摂取，スープ摂取なし（ブランク）の3試行をランダムな順序で実施した。26&deg;Cの実験室で検査衣を着用した安静状態の被検者の，サンプル摂取10分前から摂取65分後までの主観的温度感覚，深部体温（鼓膜温），末梢体温（手先温，足先温），心拍数を測定した。スープ摂取後には嗜好調査を実施した（大変おいしい[10点］～大変まずい［0点］）。<br>【結果】嗜好得点は，65&deg;Cスープでは37&deg;Cスープより有意に高かった。摂取後の鼓膜温，足先温，心拍数の変化量は，65&deg;Cスープ， 37&deg;Cスープ，ブランクの順に高値で経時変化した（Sample effect, Sample×Timeとも有意）。各測定時点の多重比較からは，65&deg;Cスープでは，主観的温度感覚は摂取直後で 37&deg;Cスープやブランクと比べて有意に高値であること，鼓膜温は摂取20分後まで，足先温は摂取15分後まで 37&deg;Cスープと比べて有意に高値であることが示された。<br>【結論】37&deg;Cスープとの比較から，65&deg;Cスープ摂取後の鼓膜温や足先温の上昇はスープの温度の影響を受けていると考えられた。3試行の結果から，飲食物に含まれるエネルギー基質や美味しさなどの要因に加え，飲食物の温度自体も主観的温度感覚や体温に影響を及ぼすことが示唆された。

卒後教育システム検討の資料とするため、卒後おおむね10 年以内の管理栄養士(日本栄養士会会員、n=3 , 055)の専門的実践能力到達度を58 のコンピテンシー測定項目(1～5 点の自己評価)を用いて調査した。回答者の約半数が病院勤務であった。全体では、意欲や態度、食中毒や個人情報に関する項目の到達度が高く、公衆栄養(疫学)や調査研究に関する項目の到達度が低かった。養成教育別の比較では、平成13 年以前の旧カリキュラムによる養成教育を受けた者(n=787、勤務5 年以上が91 . 8%)は、平成14 年開始の新カリキュラムによる養成教育を受けた者(以下、新カリ卒業生と記す。n=1 , 702、同37 . 5%)や管理栄養士養成施設卒業生でない者(n=530、同83 . 7%)に比べて、39/58 項目で点数が高かった。新カリ卒業生では、基本コンピテンシー(意欲、態度)、共通コンピテンシー(行動科学の理論やモデルの活用)、職域別コンピテンシー(SOAP 様式による記録)の4 項目で点数が高かった。結果より、コンピテンシー到達度には、経験年数や養成教育のカリキュラムが関連している可能性が考えられる。

【目的】大学新入生に携帯電話を活用した朝食支援プログラムを実施し，効果を評価するとともに，より効果的な実践を行うための考察を行う。<br>【方法】学部新入生全員（209名）が受講する情報の授業において，学生の携帯電話所持や料金プランを把握した。その上で，(1)受講生の一部にメールを毎週1回のペースで計8回配信する，(2)誰に送信しているかは公開しない，(3)受信者は内容を人に教えない，(4)8週後にメール配信した学生と残りの学生の行動を比較する，という方法で「模擬社会実験」を行うことを学生に伝えた。メール（朝食支援のURLへのアクセスを促す内容）を配信した学生を介入群（104名），残りの学生を対照群（105名）として，2回の質問紙調査やウェブへのアクセス状況から介入効果を評価した。<br>【結果】1）アクセス人数の割合は初回が最も高く，次第に減少した。第5回からの追加メール配信開始以降に増加に転じたが再び減少し，最終回に増えるという変化を示した。2）ウェブコンテンツではレシピへの関心が高く，積極的閲覧者（High responder: HR）では介入後に料理の好きな者が有意に増加した。3）第2回調査では，介入群，対照群ともに変容ステージ維持期の者が減少し朝食欠食者が増加したが，これらの変化は対照群でのみ有意であった。<br>【結論】朝食支援プログラムは，介入群の朝食摂取行動を改善させなかったが，悪化を緩和する可能性が示唆された。より有効な支援とするためには，調理と喫食に時間がかからず，経済性や保存性を考慮した朝食レシピの充実，インタラクティブなコミュニケーションツールの導入，セグメント化した対象のニーズに合った情報提供が望まれる。

The purpose of this study was to estimate the usual intake distribution of calcium and vitamin B(1) of fifth-grade children based on a 3-d dietary survey and to assess nutrient intake using Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs 2010). A cross-sectional study was undertaken from October 2007 to February 2008 in schools located in Tokyo and Okayama, Japan. A total of 94 fifth-grade children attending 5 elementary schools participated in the study. The weighed plate waste method and observation were used to collect data on the school lunches and dietary records by children, accompanied by photographs used to collect data on meals at home. The study lasted 3 d, 2 non-consecutive days with school lunches and 1 d without. The estimated proportion of subjects below the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for calcium intake with milk in the school lunch decreased by 40% compared to the calcium intake without milk in the school lunch. Vitamin B1 intake from less than 0.45 mg/1,000 kcal fortified rice was estimated to be 0%. The intake distribution of calcium has increased by 150 mg by taking milk and the intake distribution of vitamin B1 has increased 0.20 mg by taking fortified rice in the school lunch. Calcium and vitamin B1 intake in the school lunch has changed the distribution of calcium and vitamin B1 intake upward, and decreased the number of estimated subjects that were below EAR. However, the distribution was not shifted across the board and the shape of the distribution has changed.

Circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (CLOCK) molecule plays major roles in circadian rhythmicity and regulates daily physiological processes including digestive activity. Therefore, we hypothesized that the CLOCK 3111T/C single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) might have adverse effects on the regulation of gastric motility. Based on the hypothesis, we investigated whether this SNP was associated with morning gastric motility. Ninety-five female university students (19.6±0.2 years) completed life-style questionnaires. Gastric motility, evaluated by electrogastrography (EGG), blood pressure (BP), and heart rate variability (HRV) were measured at 8:30 a.m. after an overnight fast. To determine the gastric motility, the spectral powers and dominant frequency (DF, a peak of the spectrum) of the EGG were calculated. No significant differences were found in breakfast frequency, energy intake, or HRV between CLOCK 3111T/C minor C allele (T/C or C/C) and T/T subjects. However, C allele carriers showed significantly lower DF than T/T subjects, suggesting slower gastric motility. Moreover, C allele carriers had a lower heart rate (HR) and tended to have lower diastolic BP compared with T/T subjects. These results support our hypothesis that this SNP is likely correlated with morning gastric motility. Such attenuated gastric and cardiovascular function that characterized CLOCK 3111C allele carriers could be affecting biological behavior in the morning.

邦人若年女性の約半数が日常的に四肢などに冷え感を有していることが報告されている.我々はこれまでに,若年女性の冷え感と低いエネルギー摂取量や体温・熱産生に関与する交感神経活動が関連していることを見出している.この結果に基づき本研究では,「若年女性の冷え感は,体熱産生が低いために,深部体温は保持されるものの末梢体温が低下し,その自覚症状として表れている」との仮説を立て,以下の実験による検証を試みた.被験者は,「四季を通じて日常的に四肢などに強い冷え感を自覚している女性(冷え群)」と「四季を通じて日常的に四肢などに冷え感をほとんど自覚したことのない女性(非冷え群)」各10名(18-21歳)とした.前夜から絶食した被験者に半袖半ズボンの検査衣を着用してもらい,異なる2日の午前8時30分に,体組成と安静時エネルギー消費量測定,もしくは体温と温度感覚(冷え感),交感神経活動(心拍変動解析)測定を26℃の実験室で行った.深部体温の指標として鼓膜温,末梢体温の指標として手先と足先の皮膚温度を,高感度サーモセンサーで60分間連続測定した.冷え感はビジュアルアナログスケールを用いて15分間隔で測定した.冷え群では非冷え群と比較して,体温・熱産生に関与する交感神経活動が有意に低く,除脂肪体重あたり安静時エネルギー消費量も低値傾向を示した.鼓膜温は全測定ポイントで2群で差がなかったが,冷え群では60分後の体温較差(鼓膜-手先,鼓膜-足先)が開始時と比べて有意に増加した.足先の冷え感スコアと鼓膜-足先の体温較差には,有意な正の相関を認めた.以上の結果から,日常的こ強い冷え感を有する若年女性は,(1)低い安静時エネルギー消費量,(2)深部体温には差がないが26℃・60分の曝露で深部-末梢体温較差が増加,(3)体温較差が大きいほど冷え感を強く感じるといった特徴を有することが示唆され,本研究の仮説が支持されたと考えられる.

Although previous reports suggested that carbonated water drinking was effective against gastrointestinal symptoms, there is little information about the effects of carbonated water on gastric and appetite sensation. We therefore investigated the effect of carbonated water on short-term fullness with respect to gastric and cardiac responses in 19 healthy young women. Each subject was tested on three separate days at approximately 9 a.m. after an overnight fast. Gastric motility, evaluated by electrogastrography (EGG) and heart rate (HR), was measured for 20 min in the fasting state and 40 min after ingestion of water. Preloads consisted of an equivalent amount (250 mL) of water (W) or carbonated water (CW) and no drinking (blank). Fullness scores were measured using visual analog scales. To determine gastric motility, we assessed the component of bradygastria (1-2 cycles/min [cpm]), normogastria (2-4 cpm), tachygastria (4-9 cpm), and dominant frequency of the EGG power spectrum. After ingestion of CW, significant increases in fullness scores were observed compared with W. All postprandial EGG powers were significantly greater than preprandial, but no group difference was found. However, a dominant frequency tended to shift toward a lower band after ingestion of W. A significantly higher HR was found following consumption of CW as opposed to W. Multiple regression analysis revealed that increased HR was a significant variable contributing to the variances in fullness after ingestion of CW at 40 min. Our data suggest that CW may induce a short-term, but significant, satiating effect through enhanced postprandial gastric and cardiac activities due possibly to the increased sympathetic activity and/or withdrawal of parasympathetic activity.

BACKGROUND: Limited studies have shown inconsistent data about the association between the uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) gene A-3826G polymorphism and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. The present study investigated the association between the A-3826G polymorphism and low HDL-cholesterolemia in non-obese and obese subjects. METHODS: Anthropometric and biochemical factors, in addition to genotyping by an allele-specific DNA assay, were measured in 294 community-dwelling Japanese subjects (male/female: 127/167, mean age: 65 years). Obesity was defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m(2), and low HDL-cholesterolemia was defined as < 1.04 mmol/L of HDL-cholesterol. RESULTS: The subjects with the G/G genotype (n = 27) showed a significantly higher prevalence of low HDL-cholesterolemia (37%) than those with the A/A + A/G genotype (13%) in the obese group (n = 102). There was a non-significant difference in the prevalence of low HDL-cholesterolemia between subjects with the G/G genotype (n = 45, 13%) and with the A/A + A/G genotype (15%) in the non-obese group (n = 192). A multivariate-adjusted logistic regression analysis of the presence of low HDL-cholesterolemia revealed that carrying the G/G genotype was an independent and significant factor positively associated with low HDL-cholesterolemia [odds ratio (OR): 6.85, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.65-28.49] in the obese group, while carrying the G/G genotype exhibited a non-significant but reduced OR, by one-half, for low HDL-cholesterolemia (OR: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.13-1.96) in the non-obese group. CONCLUSIONS: The obesity status could have opposing impacts on the relationship between the G/G genotype and low HDL-cholesterolemia, providing insight into the need to consider the obesity levels when studying the association between the UCP-1 gene A-3826G polymorphism and HDL-cholesterol. KEYWORDS: Obesity; Body mass index; HDL-C; Atherosclerotic risk.

Background: Recent findings regarding the existence of functional brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult humans suggest a physiological role of BAT and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)-linked thermogenesis in energy balance. Objective: To investigate whether UCP1 polymorphism was associated with resting energy expenditure (REE) and thermoregulatory sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity in humans. Methods: A total of 82 healthy females (20-22 years) were genotyped for the -3826 A/G polymorphism of the UCP1 gene using a fluorescent allele-specific DNA primer assay system. REE was measured by indirect calorimetry. The thermoregulatory SNS activity was assessed by heart rate variability power spectral analysis according to our previously reported method. Each subject was studied in the morning, after an overnight fast. Nutritional values were calculated on the basis of 2-day food records. Results: The frequencies of A/A, A/G and G/ G genotypes were 0.27, 0.45 and 0.28, respectively. No significant difference was found in anthropometric indexes among the three groups. However, in the G/ G group, the percentage of energy consumed as fat was lower (A/A: 30.7 +/- 1.1%, A/G: 31.3 +/- 1.0%, G/G: 26.0 +/- 1.2%, P&lt;0.01), and energy intake tended to be lower (A/A: 7209 +/- 310 kJ d(-1), A/G: 7075 +/- 280 kJ d(-1), G/G: 6414 +/- 264 kJ d(-1), P = 0.16). With regard to metabolic parameters, group differences were observed in REE (A/A: 5599 +/- 170 kJ d(-1), A/G: 5054 +/- 115 kJ d(-1), G/G: 4919 +/- 182 kJ d(-1), P&lt;0.01) and in thermoregulatory SNS activity (A/A: 313 +/- 47 ms(2), A/G: 333 +/- 42 ms(2), G/G: 185 +/- 23 ms(2), P&lt;0.05). Conclusion: Diminished REE in G-allele carriers as well as reduced thermoregulatory SNS activity for the G/ G genotype, suggest that attenuated UCP1-linked thermogenesis has an adverse effect on the regulation of energy balance. International Journal of Obesity (2011) 35, 1050-1055; doi:10.1038/ijo.2010.261; published online 28 December 2010

Background:Recent findings regarding the existence of functional brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult humans suggest a physiological role of BAT and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)-linked thermogenesis in energy balance.Objective:To investigate whether UCP1 polymorphism was associated with resting energy expenditure (REE) and thermoregulatory sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity in humans.Methods:A total of 82 healthy females (20-22 years) were genotyped for the-3826 A/G polymorphism of the UCP1 gene using a fluorescent allele-specific DNA primer assay system. REE was measured by indirect calorimetry. The thermoregulatory SNS activity was assessed by heart rate variability power spectral analysis according to our previously reported method. Each subject was studied in the morning, after an overnight fast. Nutritional values were calculated on the basis of 2-day food records.Results:The frequencies of A/A, A/G and G/G genotypes were 0.27, 0.45 and 0.28, respectively. No significant difference was found in anthropometric indexes among the three groups. However, in the G/G group, the percentage of energy consumed as fat was lower (A/A: 30.71.1%, A/G: 31.31.0%, G/G: 26.01.2%, P&lt 0.01), and energy intake tended to be lower (A/A: 7209±310 kJ d 1, A/G: 7075±280 kJ d 1, G/G: 6414±264 kJ d 1, P0.16). With regard to metabolic parameters, group differences were observed in REE (A/A: 5599170 kJ d 1, A/G: 5054115 kJ d 1, G/G: 4919±182 kJ d 1, P&lt 0.01) and in thermoregulatory SNS activity (A/A: 31347 ms 2, A/G: 333±2 ms 2, G/G: 185±23 ms2, P0.05).Conclusion:Diminished REE in G-allele carriers as well as reduced thermoregulatory SNS activity for the G/G genotype, suggest that attenuated UCP1-linked thermogenesis has an adverse effect on the regulation of energy balance. © 2011 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved.

Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) plays an important role in thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue. Previously, we reported an association between -3826 A/G single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the promoter of UCP1 gene and lower thermogenesis in young women, suggesting this SNP has an adverse effect on the regulation of energy balance. Based on the hypothesis that this SNP (G allele) may have resistance against diet-induced weight loss, we examined its effects on anthropometric and metabolic responses to short-term, controlled-energy diet in young women. Seventeen lean women (20.9 ± 0.2 years; body mass index, 22.1 ± 0.5 kg/m(2)) were fed a controlled-energy diet (5.0 MJ/d, 62% carbohydrate, 19% protein, and 19% fat) administered by dietitians for 2 weeks. Clinical measurements were determined at baseline and after the dietary intervention. The subjects' physical activity was obtained using pedometers and self-reporting. The thermoregulatory sympathetic nervous system was evaluated using heart rate variability power spectral analysis. Upon the completion of the intervention, subjects were genotyped using an allele-specific DNA primer assay and results compared with their clinical measurements focusing on with or without the G allele. After dietary intervention, G allele subjects (A/G + G/G, n = 10) showed significantly smaller changes in body weight, body mass index, and waist circumference compared with A/A genotype subjects (n = 7). Similar changes were observed in parameters regarding glucose or lipid metabolism in both groups. These results suggest that the UCP1 gene -3826 G allele may result in smaller weight loss after a short-term, controlled-energy diet in young, lean women.

（採択）

OBJECTIVE: Genetic polymorphisms of the renin-angiotensin system have been implicated in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene and 3123C/A polymorphism of the angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT(2)R) gene affect blood pressure and other obesity-related metabolic changes in response to low-energy diets using meal replacement shakes for weight loss. METHODS: Clinical, metabolic, and biochemical profiles were measured before and after a 2-mo intervention in 32 obese women (age 49.9 ± 8.4 [SD] y; BMI 28.4 ± 3.3 kg/m²) restricted to 1200 kcal/d (5021 kJ/d). The polymorphisms were determined with an intercalater-mediated FRET probe assay system. RESULTS: Although weight loss and nutrient intake levels did not differ among the genotypes, the reduction in body fat after weight loss was significantly less in the ACE deletion/deletion (D/D) genotype than insertion/insertion (I/I) plus I/D genotype (-2.25 ± 1.40% versus -0.80 ± 1.57%, P < 0.05). The AT₂R A/A group had significantly less improved levels of systolic blood pressure (-7.23 ± 8.50 versus 2.50 ± 12.6 mmHg, P < 0.05), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (-0.36 ± 0.29 versus -0.09 ± 0.25 mmol/L, P < 0.05), carbohydrate (-54.4 ± 27.2 versus -31.8 ± 16.3 mg/min, P < 0.05) and fat oxidation (8.31 ± 11.86 versus 0.05 ± 9.99 mg/min, P < 0.05) than the C/C plus C/A genotypes. CONCLUSION: The present findings suggest that the homozygous form of the ACE gene may hinder the improvement of body fat and that the homozygous form of the AT₂R gene may make improving systolic blood pressure and some obesity-related metabolic parameters through a dietary intervention difficult among obese women.

本研究の目的は, 若年女性の肌状態に栄養, 生理学的要因が関与するかどうかを検討することである。横断的研究として, 肌状態, 生理学的検査, 2日間の食事調査, 精神状態, ライフスタイルに関するデータを皮膚疾患のない54名 (2022歳) の女子学生より得た。肌状態と生理学的検査項目 (体温, エネルギー消費量, 自律神経活動) は非侵襲的手法により測定した。統計解析の結果, 角層細胞面積とエネルギー代謝, 角層水分量とビタミンA・B1摂取量, 交感神経活動指標に関連が認められた。バリア機能の指標である経皮水分蒸散量と炭水化物, ビタミンB1, 野菜摂取量にも関連が認められた。また, 肌状態はメンタルな面や自宅での冷暖房使用とも関連していた。以上の結果から, 若年女性の肌状態には栄養的な因子とともに活発な代謝と自律神経活動が関与することが示唆された。

本研究の目的は, スープ摂取後の安堵感（心がほっと安らぐ感覚）の定量的評価を行い, スープの種類による安堵感の違い, および安堵感に影響を及ぼす心理的, 生理的要因を検討することである。予備試験では, 訓練された6名のパネルによる官能検査を4種類のサンプル（コーンポタージュ[90 kcal], チキンコンソメ[43 kcal], および等エネルギーで風味に乏しいコーン・プラセボ, チキン・プラセボ）について行い, 各サンプルの特性を位置づけた。本試験では, 前夜から絶食した11名の女性（22.6±0.3歳）に, スープサンプルを朝食として, 異なる4日間にランダムな順序で負荷した。安堵感スコア, 満腹感スコア, 心拍数, 交感・副交感神経活動（心拍変動解析による), エネルギー消費量（呼気ガス分析による）を, スープ摂取前および摂取1時間後まで経時的に測定した。サンプルへの嗜好スコアは, コーンポタージュ, チキンコンソメの順に高く, 両プラセボで最も低かった。スープ摂取後の安堵感は, コーンポタージュでは他のスープサンプルより有意に高値を示した。安堵感は, 嗜好スコア, 満腹感スコア, 心拍数と正相関し, 副交感神経活動と負の相関を示した。本結果から, コーンポタージュ摂取後の高い安堵感には, スープへの嗜好性, および摂取後の満腹感と心拍数の上昇が関連していることが示唆された。

本研究は，小学5年生の児童における学校給食のある日とない日における栄養素等と食品群の摂取量について明らかにすることを目的とした。さらに，1日の食事における食事区分別の比較の検討も行った。東京都と岡山県において，2007年10月から2008年2月に横断研究を実施した。学校給食の摂取量の把握は観察者による秤量と観察，家庭での食事調査については写真画像を併用した児童による目安量記録法により行った。調査期間は連続しない学校給食のある日（平日）2日と学校給食のない日（土曜日または日曜日）1日の3日間とし，体格が普通の児童82名を対象とし解析を行った。カルシウム，ビタミンB₁，野菜類と乳類において，学校給食のない日よりもある日に摂取量が有意に高く，食塩と調味料類においては学校給食のない日よりもある日に摂取量が有意に低かった。昼食において，カルシウム，ビタミンB₁，ビタミンB₂について，学校給食のない日に比べて学校給食のある日の摂取量の割合が大きかった。本研究の結果より，学校給食のあり，なしが，児童の一日全体の栄養素等及び食品群の摂取量に違いを与えていることが示唆された。<br>（オンラインのみ掲載）

School lunches serve to improve nutritional status and to promote the health of children. The purpose of this study was to investigate the portion sizes of school lunches served and consumed in Japanese elementary schools. In addition, gender difference in servings and consumption were also studied. A cross-sectional study was undertaken between October 2007 and February 2008 in schools located in Tokyo and Okayama, Japan. A total of 192 fifth-grade children attending four elementary schools participated in this study. Weighed plate waste methods and observation were used to collect dietary data for two non-consecutive days. The proportion of children who chose staple foods along with main dishes and/or side dishes for at least one day was higher in boys than in girls (respectively, for staple food: 42.1% vs. 9.3%, for main dish and/or side dish: 68.4% vs. 44.3%. P &lt; 0.001). The ratio of initial amount served to amount offered was 0.88 +/- 0.11 for boys and 0.84 +/- 0.10 for girls (P &lt; 0.05). The ratio of amount consumed to amount offered was 1.04 +/- 0.19 for boys and 0.88 +/- 0.12 for girls (P &lt; 0.001). Weight was related to amount consumed both in boys (r = 0.222, P &lt; 0.05) and in girls (r = 0.201, P &lt; 0.05). These findings suggest that the nutritional standards of school lunch programs should take into account gender differences. Clearly, boys were more likely to consume more than the initial amounts served due to their higher propensity to take second helpings. Boys feel few reservations about taking second helpings to adjust their total intake. However, school lunch plans should take into consideration girls&apos; reluctance to do so, by serving appropriate initial portion sizes.

School lunches serve to improve nutritional status and to promote the health of children. The purpose of this study was to investigate the portion sizes of school lunches served and consumed in Japanese elementary schools. In addition, gender difference in servings and consumption were also studied. A cross-sectional study was undertaken between October 2007 and February 2008 in schools located in Tokyo and Okayama, Japan. A total of 192 fifth-grade children attending four elementary schools participated in this study. Weighed plate waste methods and observation were used to collect dietary data for two non-consecutive days. The proportion of children who chose staple foods along with main dishes and/or side dishes for at least one day was higher in boys than in girls (respectively, for staple food: 42.1% vs. 9.3%, for main dish and/or side dish: 68.4% vs. 44.3%, P < 0.001). The ratio of initial amount served to amount offered was 0.88 ± 0.11 for boys and 0.84 ± 0.10 for girls (P < 0.05). The ratio of amount consumed to amount offered was 1.04 ± 0.19 for boys and 0.88 ± 0.12 for girls (P < 0.001). Weight was related to amount consumed both in boys (r = 0.222, P < 0.05) and in girls (r = 0.201, P < 0.05). These findings suggest that the nutritional standards of school lunch programs should take into account gender differences. Clearly, boys were more likely to consume more than the initial amounts served due to their higher propensity to take second helpings. Boys feel few reservations about taking second helpings to adjust their total intake. However, school lunch plans should take into consideration girls' reluctance to do so, by serving appropriate initial portion sizes.

Leptin may influence sweet taste sensitivity. However, there are no reports on an association between the sweet taste threshold and serum leptin levels during weight loss in humans. We investigated the changes in the sweet taste threshold and the serum leptin levels during a weight-loss program, in connection with a leptin receptor polymorphism (Lys109Arg) that may be related to insulin and glucose metabolism. The study included 20 obese, but otherwise healthy, females (mean age: 55 +/- 7 years, body mass index: 26.1 +/- 1.7 kg/m(2)). Participants completed a 12-week weight-loss program based on energy restriction through diet and exercise, which aimed at achieving their optimal weight. The sweet taste threshold was determined according to the whole-mouth gustatory method. Genetic analyses were performed using the allele-specific DNA assay. Serum leptin levels were decreased from 9.2 +/- 4.5 to 7.9 +/- 4.9 ng/ml (p = 0.014) after body weight loss. The sweet taste threshold also decreased significantly from 0.59 +/- 0.42 to 0.22 +/- 0.20% in a solution of sucrose (p = 0.004). In contrast, there were no differences in changes of the threshold between participants with and without the Lys109 allele. A multiple regression analysis revealed that the changes in serum leptin levels were significantly correlated with those in the sweet taste threshold, independent of the initial threshold levels and the Lys109 allele. In conclusion, the serum leptin levels are decreased significantly during a weight-loss program in obese females, which may be associated with the decrease in the sweet taste threshold.

本食教育プログラムは視覚教材と舌で味わう体験を含み，児童の野菜への苦手意識を減じて積極的な野菜摂取を促すためのものである。我々は，この食教育プログラム『食べる授業』（45分の授業＋90分の実習）を小学6年生の4クラス（n=133）にそれぞれ実施した。食教育の効果は，食教育実施期間の前後に質問紙調査を行い，児童の苦手な野菜を食べようとする態度と意欲，及び家庭での野菜調理体験より評価した。質問紙には，児童の野菜への苦手意識のわずかな変化を観察するためのビジュアルアナログスケール（VAS）も用いた。その結果，20名（18.7％）の児童に苦手な野菜を食べてみようとする意欲が認められ，VASスコアからは，20品目中16品目の野菜において苦手意識の有意な低下が示された。食教育プログラム実施後には，家庭での野菜料理体験にも有意な変化が認められた（p < 0.001）。この食教育プログラムは，児童の野菜への苦手意識を改善し，野菜を食べることや調理することへの意欲を促す一助となり得ると考えられる。さらにVAS法は，児童において，野菜への苦手意識のわずかな変化を評価するための感度の良い測定方法である可能性がある。<br>（オンラインのみ掲載）

胃電図は, 腹部に装着した表面電極から経皮的に胃筋電活動を記録する非侵襲的な胃運動評価法である。本研究では, 胃電図を指標として朝食欠食と朝の胃運動の関連を検討するために, 朝食摂取習慣のある女性11名 (21.5±0.2歳) に, 1週間の朝食欠食および1週間の再摂食試験を連続して行った。各試験の前後に検査日を設け, 前夜から絶食した被験者の体組成, 空腹感と食欲 (Visual analog scaleによる) を測定し, 午前9時より胃電図と心電図を同時に記録した。得られた胃の電気信号を解析し, 1分間に約3回生じる正常波パワー (Normal power), 正常波パワー含有率 (% Normal power) およびその出現頻度 (Dominant frequency; DF) を定量した。心電図からは心臓自律神経活動を定量した。1週間の朝食欠食は, 有意ではないが% Normal powerとDFを低下させた。DFは欠食後から再摂食後にさらに低下した (p=0.074 versus baseline) 。朝食欠食後の空腹感スコア (r=0.55, p=0.077), 食欲スコア (r=0.60, p=0.051) と % Normal powerの相関には有意傾向が認められた。以上の結果より, 1週間の朝食欠食が習慣的に朝食を摂取している若年女性の胃運動を減弱させ...

The uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) gene is of major importance for regulation of body weight and lipid/lipoprotein metabolism. Our cross-sectional study has shown that subjects with the G/G genotype of the -3826 A/G polymorphism in the UCP-1 gene have higher levels of serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) than those with other genotypes. Low circulating HDL-C level has been regarded as a major atherosclerotic risk factor. We therefore investigated whether the -3826 A/G polymorphism affects the obesity- and lipid-related parameters during a low-calorie diet (LCD) intervention. In 32 obese women (49.9 +/- 8.4 years of age), anthropometric, physiological and biochemical characteristics were measured before and after a 2-month LCD treatment, which restricted each subject to the same energy intakes, such as 5,120 kJ/day. The -3826 A/G polymorphism was detected using a PCR-restriction fragment-length polymorphism method. There were 6 subjects with the A/A genotype, 15 with the A/G genotype and 11 with the G/G genotype. The LCD intervention decreased weight (P < 0.001) and serum HDL-C levels (P < 0.05) in all subjects. There was no difference in the levels of change in weight, nutrient intake, physiological measurements in energy expenditure, and fat oxidation between subjects with and without the G allele. In contrast, the degree of the reduction in the HDL-C levels was significantly smaller in subjects with the G allele than those without the G allele. These results suggest that the G allele at -3826 in the UCP1 gene may ameliorate the reduction in serum HDL-C levels in obese women during LCD.

L-カルニチンがヒトの空腹感に及ぼす影響を明らかにするために, 若年健常女性12名 (21.3±0.3歳) を対象として, L-カルニチン300mgを含有するフォーミュラ食と通常のフォーミュラ食を用いた二重盲検プラセボ対照試験による検証を行った (ウォッシュアウト : 1週間)。前夜からの絶食の後, フォーミュラ食を朝食として摂取させ, 食前および食後6時間まで満腹感スコア (ビジュアルアナログスケールズ ; VASs), 唾液コルチゾール, 血清カルニチン濃度, 血糖値, および心拍変動パワースペクトル解析を用いた自律神経活動指標を経時的に測定した。実験結果から, L-カルニチン摂取により主観的空腹感が軽減される可能性があること, および, 空腹感の軽減には血清総カルニチン濃度が関連していることが示唆された。さらに, 唾液コルチゾールはL-カルニチン摂取30分後, 2時間後には低値を示したが, 空腹感軽減との明確な関連は明らかではなかった。

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of aging and beta3-adrenergic-receptor (beta3-AR) polymorphism on the thermic effect of meal (TEM) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) response to a high-fat meal in 13 boys, 12 young men, and 11 middle-aged men. SNS activity was assessed via power spectral analysis of heart rate variability. Significantly higher very-low-frequency (VLF) components associated with thermogenic SNS activity and energy expenditure per lean body mass (EE(LBM)) were observed in boys during the pre- and postprandial periods. There were no significant differences in VLF and EE(LBM) in the preprandial period between the young and middle-aged men. After feeding, however, the middle-aged men showed a significantly lower TEM (% test-meal energy) and VLF compared to the young men. A multiple regression analysis revealed that age was the only significant variable contributing to both TEM and VLF, but beta3-AR polymorphism and percentage of body fat were not statistically significant. In conclusion, age likely has a greater influence on TEM and SNS thermoregulation than genetic factors such as beta3-AR polymorphism, suggesting that this age-related decrease in thermogenic response may be involved in the development of obesity among middle-aged men.