永井 成美

Background We have previously reported that female patients with nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease (NTM-LD) are thinner and eat less than healthy controls. Therefore, we hypothesized that their thinness is associated with body size misperception. The aim of this study was to clarify whether patients’ body size perception (BSP) is associated with body mass index (BMI) independent of potential confounders. Methods In this cross-sectional study, we assessed 81 outpatients for BSP using the Japanese version of Body Image Scale, body composition, dietary intake, and biochemical markers. As a control, we used BSP and self-reported anthropometric data from 111 healthy women collected via a web survey. First, BSP and BMI were compared between the patients and the controls. Second, patient data was compared between patients who overestimated their body size (OE, n = 31) and a control who did not (Non-OE, n = 50). Multiple regression analysis was performed to clarify the association between BSP (independent variable) and BMI (dependent variable), adjusting for potential confounders, such as age, disease duration, and nutritional factors. Results There was a negative correlation between body size distortion and BMI in both patients and controls (p < 0.001, both). In interpatient comparisons, the OE group had significantly lower BMI and body fat percentage (p < 0.001, both), normalized energy (p = 0.037), and protein (p = 0.013) intakes, and significantly greater weight loss from age 20 (p = 0.003) than the Non-OE group. Multiple regression analysis revealed that overestimation of body size was associated with lower BMI independent of confounders, such as longer disease history, longitudinal weight loss, and nutritional factors. Conclusion These findings suggest that body size distortion is an etiological factor for lower BMI in female patients with NTM-LD. Thus, it may be important to understand the patient’s body image when providing dietary advice.

Abstract Background In women, slender body habitus has been reported to be one of the predisposing factors underlying the development and poor prognosis of non-tuberculous mycobacterial lung disease (NTM-LD). Given the lack of nutritional data contributing to treatment strategies, we aimed to clarify the nutritional status of female patients with NTM-LD and its association with disease severity. Methods In this single-center observational study, we enrolled 81 female outpatients with NTM-LD. Data on healthy women of similar ages were selected from our previous survey data and categorized as controls. First, we compared anthropometric and dietary survey data between patients and controls. Second, after the patients were categorized into relatively mild (mild, n = 40) and relatively severe groups (severe, n = 41) based on pulmonary X-ray-image finding scores, body composition, nutritional intake, and biochemical markers were compared between the groups. To identify nutritional factors associated with disease severity, logistic regression analyses were performed. Results Compared with controls, patients with NTM-LD had significantly lower energy intake, body mass index, body fat, and skeletal muscle mass (all p < 0.001). Compared with the mild group, the severe group had significantly lower skeletal muscle mass (p = 0.037), albumin (p = 0.029), transthyretin (prealbumin) (p = 0.002), retinol-binding protein (p = 0.011), and hemoglobin (p = 0.001); however, no between-group differences were observed in energy or nutrient intake. Logistic analyses revealed that transthyretin (p = 0.025) and hemoglobin (p = 0.003) levels were independent factors associated with disease severity. Conclusions This is the first study to comprehensively report the association between NTM-LD severity and nutritional status, including body composition, nutrient intake, and biomarkers. The results suggest that initiating nutritional therapy from the mild stage of the disease to prevent undernutrition is warranted.

For athletes, it is important to acquire lean body mass (LBM) involving the skeletal muscle mass during their growth periods; however, the influence of chronotype on LBM gain remains unclear. We therefore aimed to investigate whether chronotype, sleep-wake cycle on weekdays (SWC-W), and their interaction contribute to LBM gain among adolescent male athletes in a 4-month intervention study. The participants were 45 male high-school baseball players. The intervention, including exercise menu (running and muscle strength training) and nutritional education, was conducted during a 4-month period of season-off training. The chronotype, body composition, lifestyle, and dietary intake were investigated before intervention (baseline) and after 4 months. Among the participants [Morningness (n = 14), Eveningness (n = 15), Intermediate (n = 16); ME score based on the Morningness/Eveningness Scale for Children (MES-C)], the midpoint of sleep on weekdays (MSW) was calculated in the "Morningness" and "Eveningness" participants, respectively. They were divided into 4 groups based on a match/mismatch with the chronotype: Type M-match (n = 8), Type M-mismatch (n = 6), Type E-match (n = 7), and Type E-mismatch (n = 8) groups. The data were compared among the 4 groups. Moreover, multiple regression analysis was conducted using an increase (kg) LBM gain as a response variable. When comparing the data between the "Morningness" and "Eveningness" participants, there were no differences in nutrient intake, the duration of training, or each parameter of body composition (per body weight) at baseline or after 4 months. There were also no differences in the rates of change in the body weight or each parameter of body composition. In groups in which the chronotype was consistent with the SWC-W (the Type M-match and Type E-match groups), the LBM gain were slightly greater than in the Type M-mismatch and Type E-mismatch groups (Type M-match: 3.5 ± 2.0 kg, Type M-mismatch: 1.6 ± 1.7 kg, Type E-match: 3.4 ± 2.2 kg, and Type E-mismatch: 1.2 ± 1.8 kg, p = .057). Multiple regression analysis revealed that an extent of the LBM gain was associated with a match between the chronotype and SWC-W (ß = 0.37, p = .030), independent of a long duration of training (ß = 0.52, p = .004). The results suggested that training-related LBM gain is associated with interactions between the chronotype and SWC-W in adolescent male athletes.Abbreviations: LBM: Lean body mass; SWC-W: Sleep-wake cycle on weekdays; ME score: Morningness-eveningness score; MES-C: Morningness/Eveningness Scale for Children; MSW: Midpoint of sleep on weekdays; MSF: Midpoint of sleep on free days; MSFsc: Midpoint of sleep on free days corrected for sleep debt accumulated through weekdays.

【目的】フィリピン共和国では、2016年の教育改革でカリキュラムに健康(栄養の内容を含む)が追加されたが、指導案や教材に乏しく栄養の授業は十分に行われていない。そこで同国の栄養の授業推進に資することを目的として、日本の栄養教諭課程学生3名が中心となり同国内関係者と協力して現地小学校で栄養の授業を実践した。【方法】PDCAサイクルに基づき実施した。(1)Plan:アセスメントで文献調査とフィリピン共和国ボホール州タグビララン市現地調査を行い、栄養課題抽出後「栄養バランスの是正」を優先課題に決定し、学習指導案と教材を英語で作成した。関係者と現地で協議し修正とスタッフ研修を行った。(2)Do:同市立A小学校2年生1クラス(32名)で、3G FOODS(3食品群)でバランスを学ぶ栄養の授業を単回実施した。(3)Check(経過・影響評価):授業終了時に、児童の授業満足度と理解度を質問紙とワークシートで調べた。同時に、授業参観者(現地教師・JICA隊員等)による授業評価(現地のカリキュラムや児童への適合度)を実施した。(4)Act:評価結果を関係者と共有した。【結果】児童の授業満足度(楽しかった)は100%、理解度(ワークシートの問題への正答率)は91%と高かった。授業参観者による授業評価では、授業、内容ともに同国の教育カリキュラムや児童の理解度等のレベルに適していると評価され、今後活用したいとの意見も得られた。【結論】結果より、フィリピン共和国の栄養の授業推進につながる実践ができたと考えられる。(著者抄録)

妊娠期栄養は胎児発育に加え,児の将来の生活習慣病予防の観点からもその重要性が見直されている。本研究は,単胎妊娠の日本人妊婦における妊娠前から妊娠中の食事要因と在胎不当過小児の関連を検討した。単胎妊娠の日本人妊婦702人に,妊娠前,初期,後期の米飯,肉料理,魚料理,野菜料理,緑黄色野菜,果物等の摂取頻度,葉酸サプリメントの利用,喫煙を調査した。児の出生体重は,在胎期間別出生時体格基準値の10パーセンタイル値未満を『在胎不当過小』(以下,過小)とした。過小児出生と母親の年齢,身長,妊娠前体格,妊娠中体重増加量,食物摂取頻度,葉酸サプリメントの利用,喫煙との関連をロジスティック回帰分析で検討した。解析の結果,過小児出生の低さには,妊娠前の緑黄色野菜の摂取頻度が高いこと[調整オッズ比:0.46,95%信頼区間(以下,CI):0.23-0.90],妊娠後期の野菜料理の摂取頻度が高いこと[調整オッズ比:0.49,95% CI:0.24-0.99],妊娠中体重増加量が多いこと[調整オッズ比:0.60,95% CI:0.38-0.97]が関連していた。また,妊娠前に野菜料理の摂取頻度が低かった母親の66.3%が,妊娠後期でも摂取頻度が低いままであった(p=0.042)。本研究結果から,妊娠前や妊娠後期における不足しがちな野菜の摂取に富む食生活と,妊娠中の適正な体重増加が,過小児出生の減少に関連する可能性が示唆された。また,妊娠前の食生活の一部は妊娠中も継続しやすかったことから,過小児予防の栄養教育は妊娠前からが望ましいと考えられた。(著者抄録)

OBJECTIVE: Low birth weight (LBW) is a major public health issue as it increases the risk of noncommunicable diseases throughout life. However, the genome-wide DNA methylation patterns of full-term LBW infants (FT-LBWs) are still unclear. This exploratory study aimed to analyze the DNA methylation differences in FT-LBWs compared with those in full-term normal birth weight infants (FT-NBWs) whose mothers were nonsmokers and had no complications. Initially, 702 Japanese women with singleton pregnancies were recruited. Of these, four FT-LBWs and five FT-NBWs were selected as references for DNA methylation analysis, and 862,260 CpGs were assessed using Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip. Gene ontology enrichment analysis was performed using DAVID v6.8 software to identify the biological functions of hyper- and hypomethylated DNA in FT-LBWs. RESULTS: 483 hyper-differentially methylated genes (DMGs) and 35 hypo-DMGs were identified in FT-LBW promoter regions. Hyper-DMGs were annotated to 11 biological processes; "macrophage differentiation" (e.g., CASP8), "apoptotic mitochondrial changes" (e.g., BH3), "nucleotide-excision repair" (e.g., HUS1), and "negative regulation of inflammatory response" (e.g., NLRP12 and SHARPIN). EREG was classified into "ovarian cumulus expansion" within the "organism growth and organization" category. Our data imply that LBW might be associated with epigenetic modifications, which regulate the immune system and cell maturation.

AIM: Small-for-gestational-age (SGA) status has negative health consequences in neonates and later life. Low socioeconomic status (SES) is a reported risk factor for adverse birth outcomes, such as SGA and preterm birth (PTB). The present study investigated whether maternal SES is associated with adverse outcomes in Japanese pregnant women. METHODS: Retrospective data were collected for 1970 Japanese women with singleton pregnancies who delivered between January 2007 and December 2011 at a single center: low SES group (n = 197); and controls (n = 1773). Low SES was defined according to the criteria of the Japanese pregnant-childbirth hospitalization support policy system. RESULTS: The low SES group included a significantly higher proportion of young women, women with single marital status, greater parity, pre-pregnancy smoking and a lack of regular employment (P < 0.001, respectively). The crude odds ratio (OR) for the association between low maternal SES and SGA was 1.80 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.15-2.82, P = 0.010). After adjustment for baseline maternal age, parity, body mass index, smoking and gestational weight gain, the adjusted OR for the association between low maternal SES and SGA was 1.92 (95% CI 1.17-3.17, P = 0.010). No significant association was found between maternal SES and PTB. CONCLUSION: The present results suggest that low maternal SES is associated with SGA births in the Japanese population. Mitigation of low maternal SES could be urgent public health to prevent disadvantage birth outcome.

Being born with large birthweight is considered as a risk of non-communicable diseases later in life. However, it is not fully understood what kind of maternal dietary intake during pregnancy affect large birthweight. Therefore, we examined the association of dietary intakes and its changes during pregnancy with large-for-gestational-age (LGA) births in Japanese pregnant women. In the prospective study, 245 pregnant women who visited Kyoto Medical Center were enrolled. Nutrition survey using brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire (BDHQ) at all trimester was completed in 171 pregnant women. Based on birthweight and gestational age, participants were divided into three groups, such as small-for-gestational-age (<10th, SGA, n=17), appropriate-for-gestational-age (≥10th and <90th, AGA, n=144), and LGA (≥90th, n=10) groups. Compared with those without LGA births, mothers with LGA births showed: 1) greater weight gain during pregnancy (LGA: 14.0±3.2 kg, AGA: 9.9±3.9 kg, SGA: 8.4±3.1 kg, p<0.05); 2) higher energy intake throughout pregnancy (LGA: 310±368 kcal, AGA: 7±490 kcal, SGA: -97±293 kcal, ptrend<0.05); 3) larger changes in plant oil and sucrose consumptions from the 1st to 2nd trimester, probably due to the results of greater consumption of bread, Western confectionery, Japanese confectionery, and mayonnaise and dressing during the same period (ptrend<0.05, respectively). Our results suggest that higher energy intake throughout pregnancy, as well as greater consumption of plant oil and sucrose from the first to second trimester could be associated with LGA births.

Maslinic acid, derived from olive fruit, reduces pro-inflammation cytokines, which are involved in muscle fiber atrophy. Therefore, the maslinic acid ingestion may enhance the muscular response to resistance training through anti-inflammatory action. We therefore conducted a parallel, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial that examined whether a combination of maslinic acid supplementation and resistance training improve mobility functions in community-dwelling elderly persons. Over a 12-week period, 36 participants underwent moderate resistance training and are assigned to the maslinic acid supplementation (n = 17, 60 mg/day) or the placebo (n = 19) group. At baseline and at 12-weeks, we assessed body composition, grip strength, walking speed, leg strength, mobility functions, and knee pain scores. Following the 12-weeks, skeletal muscle mass, segmental muscle mass (right arm, left arm, and trunk) and knee pain score of the right leg were significantly improved in the maslinic acid group, while there was no change or parameters had worsened in the placebo group. Grip strength of the better side significantly increased only in the maslinic acid group. These results suggest that maslinic acid supplementation combined with moderate resistance training may increase upper muscle mass and grip strength, and reduce knee pain, could be effective for preventing mobility-related disability in elderly persons. Clinical trial registration number: UMIN000017207.

The color of food is known to modulate not only consumers' motivation to eat, but also thermal perception. Here we investigated whether the colors of hot soup can influence thermal sensations and body temperature, in addition to the food acceptability and appetite. Twelve young female participants consumed commercial white potage soup, modified to yellow or blue by adding food dyes, at 9 a.m. on 3 separated days. During the test, visual impression (willingness to eat, palatability, comfort, warmth, and anxiety) and thermal sensations were self-reported using visual analog scales. Core (intra-aural) and peripheral (toe) temperatures were continuously recorded 10 min before and 60 min after ingestion. Blue soup significantly decreased willingness to eat, palatability, comfort, and warmth ratings, and significantly increased anxiety feelings compared to the white and yellow soups. After ingestion, the blue soup showed significantly smaller satiety ratings and the tendency of lower thermal sensation scores of the whole body compared to the white and yellow soups. Moreover, a significantly greater increase in toe temperature was found with the yellow soup than the white or blue soup. In conclusion, this study provides new evidence that the colors of hot food may modulate postprandial satiety, thermal sensations and peripheral temperature. Such effects of color may be useful for dietary strategies for individuals who need to control their appetite.

PURPOSE: Smartphones are prevalently used among adolescents; however, nighttime exposure to blue-enriched light, through electric devices, is known to induce delays of the circadian rhythm phases and poor morning somatic conditions. We therefore investigated whether evening smartphone use may affect sleep-wake cycle and cardiac autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity after awaking in dormitory students. METHODS: The participants were high school students, living under dormitory rules regarding the curfew, study, meals, lights-out, and wake-up times. The students were forbidden from the use of both television and personal computer in their private rooms, and only the use of a smartphone was permitted. According to prior assessment of smartphone use, we chose age-, sex-, exercise time-matched long (n = 22, >120 min) and short (n = 14, ≤60 min) groups and compared sleep-wake cycle and physiological parameters, such as cardiac ANS activity, blood pressure, and intra-aural temperature. All measurements were performed during 6:30 to 7:00 a.m. in the dormitories. RESULTS: Compared with the short group, the long group showed a significantly lower cardiac ANS activity (2727 ± 308 vs. 4455 ± 667 ms2, p = 0.030) with a tendency toward a high heart rate, in addition to later bedtimes during weekdays and more delayed wake-up times over the weekend. Blood pressure and intra-aural temperature did not differ between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: In this population, evening smartphone use may be associated with altered sleep-wake cycle and a diminished cardiac ANS activity after awakening could be affecting daytime activities.

The 3111T/C single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of Circadian Locomotor Output Cycles Kaput (CLOCK) gene reportedly affects gastric motility before breakfast. It is of interest to know whether this SNP can affect the motility during the daytime. We investigated the association between the CLOCK 3111T/C SNP and several gastric motility parameters during the time period from 8:00 to 20:00 in 34 young women with scheduled meals. There were similar daytime fluctuations in gastric motility before and after the meals between the major (T/T) and minor (T/C) allele carriers. The CLOCK SNP may affect daytime gastric motility less than food stimulation.

We previously reported that carbonated water ingestion induced fullness and gastric motility. In order to determine whether such satiating effects occur through oral carbonic stimulation alone, we conducted modified sham-feeding (SF) tests (carbonated water ingestion (CW), water ingestion (W), carbonated water sham-feeding (CW-SF), and water sham-feeding (W-SF)), employing an equivalent volume and standardized temperature of carbonated and plain water, in a randomized crossover design. Thirteen young women began fasting at 10 p.m. on the previous night and were loaded with each sample (15ºC, 250 mL) at 9 a.m. on separate days. Electrogastrography (EGG) recordings were obtained from 20 min before to 45 min after the loading to determine the power and frequency of the gastric myoelectrical activity. Appetite was assessed using visual analog scales. After ingestion, significantly increased fullness and decreased hunger ratings were observed in the CW group. After the load, transiently but significantly increased fullness as well as decreased hunger ratings were observed in the CW-SF group. The powers of normogastria (2-4 cpm) and tachygastria (4-9 cpm) showed significant increases in the CW and W groups, but not in the CW-SF and W-SF groups. The peak frequency of normogastria tended to shift toward a higher band in the CW group, whereas it shifted toward a lower band in the CW-SF group, indicating a different EGG rhythm. Our results suggest that CO2-induced oral stimulation is solely responsible for the feeling of satiety. Moreover, different gastric-contraction rhythms (slow or fast) were induced by oral carbonic stimulation alone and carbonated water ingestion.

<p>エネルギーを有さない人工甘味料のスクラロースが食欲感覚や胃運動に及ぼす影響を, スクロースとの比較により明らかにすることを目的とした。15℃で150 mLのスクラロース溶液 (SR) , 等温・等量・同程度の甘さのスクロース溶液 (S) , コントロール (軟水, W) を, 異なる日の朝9時に前夜22時より絶食した若年女性に負荷した。30 mLずつ分注したサンプルを口に含み口腔内に十分に行き渡らせてから飲み込む方法で甘味刺激を5回繰り返し, 0・1・5杯目の甘味の感じ方を調べた。胃電図, 心電図 (心拍数) , 体温は, サンプル摂取20分前から摂取65分後まで測定し食欲感覚は15分毎に評価した。SとSRともに摂取直後の食欲を一過性に抑制しSRで低下が顕著だった。その後の食欲は溶液の甘味を強く感じるほど高まった。胃電図の応答はSとSRで異なり, 心拍数増加はSでのみ認められた。本結果よりSRは心拍数や体温は上昇させないが, 一過性に食欲を抑制し異なる胃運動を示すことがSとの比較において示唆された。</p>

【目的】我々は，温スープ摂取後の安堵感の上昇にはスープの嗜好性が，体温上昇にはスープの温度が関連することを若年女性において見出したが，スープ中のナトリウム（Na）の影響の程度は不明であった。本研究の目的は，日常で摂取している容量のNaが嗜好性・安堵感や主観的温度感覚，深部・末梢体温の上昇に及ぼす影響を，スープと食塩のみを除いたスープ（食塩無スープ）を用いた実験により明らかにすることである。<br>【方法】前夜から絶食した若年女性12名に対し，スープ（Na 440 mg）摂取，食塩無スープ（Na 61 mg）摂取，スープ摂取なし（ブランク）の3試験を異なる日の朝9時より無作為な順序で行った。サンプル（65&deg;C，150 ml）は5分間で摂取し，直後に嗜好調査を行った。深部体温（鼓膜温），末梢体温（手先温・足先温），心拍数は，摂取10分前から65分後まで測定し，安堵感と主観的温度感覚は質問紙で6回測定した。<br>【結果】スープでは食塩無スープと比べて嗜好得点が有意に高く，摂取後の足先温（曲線下面積：AUC）も有意に高かった。重回帰分析より，足先温上昇に嗜好得点が関連していることが示された。安堵感，主観的温度感覚，心拍数の各AUCは，両スープともにブランクより高かったがスープ間での差はなかった。<br>【結論】スープに含まれるNaは，食塩としてスープの嗜好性を高め，摂取後の足先温上昇に関与することが示唆された。一方，両スープ摂取後の安堵感，主観的温度感覚，鼓膜温，心拍数は類似した経時変化を示したため，本研究で用いたサンプルのNa濃度の影響は限定的だと考えられる。

【目的】我々は，夕方から夜にかけて活動しやすい夜型指向の女子大学生で，朝に低調な心臓自律神経活動を示すとともに，その胃の動きが食事時刻のばらつきに影響されることを報告している。そこで，同じ食事時刻で寮生活を送る女子高校生を対象に，朝型－夜型指向と朝の胃運動および体温，血圧，心拍数等のバイタル指標との関連を調べた。<br>【方法】2014年5月にＡ高校寮内に設けた測定室で，女子生徒41名の血圧，耳内温，心電図，胃電図を朝食前の時間帯に10分間測定した。心電図から平均心拍数と心臓自律神経活動を求めた。胃運動，すなわち1分間に約3回生じる空腹期胃運動の評価のために，腹壁表面の電極から胃の活動電位を導出し，その胃電図波形をスペクトル解析する方法でパワー（強さ）とピーク周波数（出現頻度）を求めた。生活習慣と朝型－夜型指向は質問紙で調査し，10項目の質問への回答を1～5点で採点した合計点を朝型－夜型スコアとした。本研究では，平均点（28.5点）以上を朝型傾向群，未満を夜型傾向群として各項目を比較した。<br>【結果】夜型傾向群は，朝型傾向群と比べて1）平日と休日の起床時刻が有意に遅く，2）心拍数が有意に高く，3）胃運動ではパワーに差はなかったが，出現頻度は有意に高値を示した。<br>【結論】寮生活を送る女子高校生において，夜型傾向群で起床後の高い心拍数が認められた。胃運動の減弱は認められず，定時の食事摂取が胃の予知活動につながったと考えられる。

生体リズム位相には個人差があり, 日中に活動しやすい朝型と夕方から夜間に活動しやすい夜型があることが知られている。そこで, "朝型と夜型では体内時計支配下にある自律神経活動や胃運動・食欲感覚の日中の変動が異なる"という仮説を立て, 実験による検証を行った。前夜22時より絶食した若年女性34名の胃電図, 心電図 (心臓自律神経活動) , 食欲感覚, 眠気, 深部体温 (耳内温) を8-20時まで1時間毎に測定した。食事と間食は定時に供した。全測定後に朝型-夜型を質問紙によりスコア化し, 中央値以上を朝型傾向群, 未満を夜型傾向群として結果を比較した。夜型傾向群は朝型傾向群と比べて, 終日, 交感神経活動優位の自律神経活動と高い心拍数, 眠気スコアが示された。また, 午前中の空腹感スコアが低く, 食後胃運動の周波数シフトに有意な上昇を認めなかった。本結果より, 午前中の食欲や活動が減弱しやすい夜型傾向群の特徴が示唆された。

There is evidence to support that mastication may contribute to the prevention of weight gain via reduction of appetite sensations and subsequent energy intake. However, the metabolic effect of mastication after consumption of a daily meal, composed of the staple food (rice), soup, main and side dishes, is limited. Therefore, the effect of thorough mastication on greater satiety and the thermic effect of a meal (TEM) was investigated in young women. In study 1, energy expenditure (EE) derived from masticatory muscle activity for 20 min was measured while chewing hard, tasteless, non-caloric gum in seven subjects. In study 2, ten subjects consumed a solid meal performing 30 chews per mouthful (30 CPM), or swallowed the same, pureed meal without chewing (0 CPM) on two separate days, and postprandial EE, substrate oxidation, subjective appetite ratings and autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity for 3 h were examined. Both test meals were iso-caloric (2,510 kJ) and -weighted (884 g), and consumed in 20 min. From study 1, the EE of mastication itself for the 20 min was estimated to be 3.7±0.8 kJ. From study 2, significantly higher TEM (134.2±15.5 vs. 67.8±13.8 kJ/3 h, p<0.001) as well as satiety (p=0.005), and tendency toward greater fat oxidation (p=0.090) and ANS activity (p=0.069) were observed after consumption of the meal with 30 CPM compared to 0 CPM. In conclusion, thorough mastication before swallowing increased postprandial satiety and the TEM in young women, suggesting such eating behavior may be useful for preventing obesity.

【目的】特別な支援が必要な児童生徒への食育では，学習者の保有する感覚を活用した教具の選択が重要とされるが，その有効性を検証した研究は少ない。我々は特別支援教育において立体識別感覚を重視した教具が広く活用されている現状に着目し，「障害の種類や程度が様々で特別な支援を必要とする児童生徒への食育において，立体教具は平面教具と比べて児童生徒のより高い関心と反応を引き出す」との仮説を立てた。この仮説の検証を目的として以下の研究を行った。<br>【方法】学習者は肢体不自由を主とした障害を有するＳ養護学校小学～高等部の45名（参加率54.2％）であり，2013年9月に疑似収穫体験を主活動とする食育を行った。教具は，給食や栽培体験でなじみがある野菜8種類とした。B1 サイズのパネル（縦）の右半分に紙，左半分に布を張り畑の様子を再現し，右半分にはほぼ実物大の作物を模した平面教具（紙製），左半分には立体教具（布製）を同数マジックテープ等で張り付けた。児童生徒はクラス単位（4～6名）でランチルームに来室し，約15分間壁面に張り付けた畑から作物を自由に収穫した。児童生徒の反応（視線・発声等）と収穫数を観察者が記録しスコア化した。担任からは自由記述による評価を得た。<br>【結果】立体教具は，平面教具よりも反応スコア，収穫数ともに有意に高値を示した。担任評価からも立体教具の優位性が示された。<br>【結論】本研究で対象とした特別支援学校における児童生徒への食育において，立体識別感覚を重視した立体教具によって児童生徒のより高い関心や反応を引き出すことが，平面教具との比較において示唆された。

BACKGROUND: Clock genes regulate circadian rhythm and are involved in various physiological processes, including digestion. We therefore investigated the association between the CLOCK 3111T/C single nucleotide polymorphism and the Period3 (PER3) variable-number tandem-repeat polymorphism (either 4 or 5 repeats 54 nt in length) with morning gastric motility. METHODS: Lifestyle questionnaires and anthropometric measurements were performed with 173 female volunteers (mean age, 19.4 years). Gastric motility, evaluated by electrogastrography (EGG), blood pressure, and heart rate levels were measured at 8:30 a.m. after an overnight fast. For gastric motility, the spectral powers (% normal power) and dominant frequency (DF, peak of the power spectrum) of the EGG were evaluated. The CLOCK and PER3 polymorphisms were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. RESULTS: Subjects with the CLOCK C allele (T/C or C/C genotypes: n = 59) showed a significantly lower DF (mean, 2.56 cpm) than those with the T/T genotype (n = 114, 2.81 cpm, P < 0.05). Subjects with the longer PER3 allele (PER34/5 or PER35/5 genotypes: n = 65) also showed a significantly lower DF (2.55 cpm) than those with the shorter PER34/4 genotype (n = 108, 2.83 cpm, P < 0.05). Furthermore, subjects with both the T/C or C/C and PER34/5 or PER35/5 genotypes showed a significantly lower DF (2.43 cpm, P < 0.05) than subjects with other combinations of the alleles (T/T and PER34/4 genotype, T/C or C/C and PER34/4 genotypes, and T/T and PER34/5 or PER35/5 genotypes). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that minor polymorphisms of the circadian rhythm genes CLOCK and PER3 may be associated with poor morning gastric motility, and may have a combinatorial effect. The present findings may offer a new viewpoint on the role of circadian rhythm genes on the peripheral circadian systems, including the time-keeping function of the gut.

炭酸水の口腔内刺激 (清涼感) に着目し, 炭酸水の飲水が実体温をどの程度変化させるのか, その反応は炭酸の口腔内刺激のみでも起こるのかどうかを明らかにするために, 等温・等量の炭酸水と水を用いた飲用試験と偽飲 (Sham-feeding；SF) による口腔内刺激のみの試験を行った。炭酸水の飲水 (炭酸水) , 水の飲水 (水) , 炭酸水の偽飲 (炭酸水SF) , 水の偽飲 (水SF) の4試行をrandomized crossover designで実施した。前夜10時より絶食した若年女性13名に, 室温を26℃に保持した実験室で異なる日の朝9時にサンプル (15℃, 250 mL) を負荷した。心電図 (心拍数, 心拍変動) をサンプル負荷前20分間および負荷後40分間測定し, 深部体温 (鼓膜温) , 末梢体温 (足先温) を高感度サーモセンサーで連続測定した。鼓膜温は水・炭酸水ともにSFでは変化せず, 飲水で一過性に低下した。足先温は, 飲水 (水, 炭酸水) で約2.5-3℃低下し, 水SFでは約1℃の低下であったのに対し炭酸水SFでは約2.5℃の低下を認めた。心拍数は, 炭酸水, 炭酸水SFで負荷直後に一過性に上昇した。結果より, 炭酸水の口腔内刺激 (味, 炭酸刺激) のみでも足先温や心拍数を変化させることが示された。

【目的】聴覚障がい幼児において発音の獲得は重要な教育課題であり，給食や食育を通して口腔機能の発達を支援することは栄養教諭に求められる専門性と考えられる。そこで，聴覚特別支援学校に在籍する幼児と保護者を対象として，「よく噛んで食べること」を給食や家庭の食事で意識・実践するための食教育を行い，PDCサイクルの各段階における評価により実施効果と課題を検討した。<br>【方法】2012年5～11月に，Ｋ聴覚特別支援学校の在籍児（4・5歳児17名）とその保護者（17名）に食教育を実施した。幼児には，視覚教材「かみかみ人形」を用いた咀嚼指導と給食時の声かけを行った。保護者には，よく噛むことが発音や歯並びに与える利点や家庭での取組み方法を講義等で伝えた。食教育の前後に，聴覚支援教育専門教員であるクラス担任（以下クラス担任と記す）の給食時観察による咀嚼状況調査と保護者への質問紙調査を行った。企画評価は，クラス担任とのミーティングによる指導案の評価，および幼稚園教育要領「ねらい及び内容」との整合性の評価を行った。プロセス評価は，食教育への学習者（保護者）の感想，咀嚼指導へのクラス担任の意見，および夏休み後の中間調査に関して行い，影響評価は，前後比較の結果から実施効果と課題を検討した。<br>【結果】企画段階の評価は良好であったが，プロセス評価では，保護者やクラス担任の意見からは，幼児への意識づけの難しさ等の課題が，夏休み後の中間調査からは，取組みが後退した家庭があることが明らかとなった。影響評価では，クラス担任の給食時観察で「所見あり」であった9名中6名に改善が見られ，家庭では，「歯ごたえを残すように調理する」との回答が有意に増加し，平日のテレビ等視聴時間が有意に減少した。<br>【結論】前後比較の結果から，食教育後に給食時の咀嚼状況や家庭での取組みに改善が見られた。一方で，夏休み中の「後戻り」防止が課題となった。今後は，食教育内容の改善と継続的な実践が望まれる。

【目的】温かい飲食物摂取後の，「体の温かさ」や体温の変化を検討した報告は少ない。本研究の目的は，温度の異なるスープをサンプルとして，飲食物の温度が摂食者の主観的温度感覚と深部・末梢体温に及ぼす影響を調べることである。<br>【方法】前夜から絶食した若年女性20名に，異なる日の朝9時に，65&deg;Cスープ摂取，対照として 37&deg;Cスープ摂取，スープ摂取なし（ブランク）の3試行をランダムな順序で実施した。26&deg;Cの実験室で検査衣を着用した安静状態の被検者の，サンプル摂取10分前から摂取65分後までの主観的温度感覚，深部体温（鼓膜温），末梢体温（手先温，足先温），心拍数を測定した。スープ摂取後には嗜好調査を実施した（大変おいしい[10点］～大変まずい［0点］）。<br>【結果】嗜好得点は，65&deg;Cスープでは37&deg;Cスープより有意に高かった。摂取後の鼓膜温，足先温，心拍数の変化量は，65&deg;Cスープ， 37&deg;Cスープ，ブランクの順に高値で経時変化した（Sample effect, Sample×Timeとも有意）。各測定時点の多重比較からは，65&deg;Cスープでは，主観的温度感覚は摂取直後で 37&deg;Cスープやブランクと比べて有意に高値であること，鼓膜温は摂取20分後まで，足先温は摂取15分後まで 37&deg;Cスープと比べて有意に高値であることが示された。<br>【結論】37&deg;Cスープとの比較から，65&deg;Cスープ摂取後の鼓膜温や足先温の上昇はスープの温度の影響を受けていると考えられた。3試行の結果から，飲食物に含まれるエネルギー基質や美味しさなどの要因に加え，飲食物の温度自体も主観的温度感覚や体温に影響を及ぼすことが示唆された。

卒後教育システム検討の資料とするため、卒後おおむね10 年以内の管理栄養士(日本栄養士会会員、n=3 , 055)の専門的実践能力到達度を58 のコンピテンシー測定項目(1～5 点の自己評価)を用いて調査した。回答者の約半数が病院勤務であった。全体では、意欲や態度、食中毒や個人情報に関する項目の到達度が高く、公衆栄養(疫学)や調査研究に関する項目の到達度が低かった。養成教育別の比較では、平成13 年以前の旧カリキュラムによる養成教育を受けた者(n=787、勤務5 年以上が91 . 8%)は、平成14 年開始の新カリキュラムによる養成教育を受けた者(以下、新カリ卒業生と記す。n=1 , 702、同37 . 5%)や管理栄養士養成施設卒業生でない者(n=530、同83 . 7%)に比べて、39/58 項目で点数が高かった。新カリ卒業生では、基本コンピテンシー(意欲、態度)、共通コンピテンシー(行動科学の理論やモデルの活用)、職域別コンピテンシー(SOAP 様式による記録)の4 項目で点数が高かった。結果より、コンピテンシー到達度には、経験年数や養成教育のカリキュラムが関連している可能性が考えられる。

【目的】大学新入生に携帯電話を活用した朝食支援プログラムを実施し，効果を評価するとともに，より効果的な実践を行うための考察を行う。<br>【方法】学部新入生全員（209名）が受講する情報の授業において，学生の携帯電話所持や料金プランを把握した。その上で，(1)受講生の一部にメールを毎週1回のペースで計8回配信する，(2)誰に送信しているかは公開しない，(3)受信者は内容を人に教えない，(4)8週後にメール配信した学生と残りの学生の行動を比較する，という方法で「模擬社会実験」を行うことを学生に伝えた。メール（朝食支援のURLへのアクセスを促す内容）を配信した学生を介入群（104名），残りの学生を対照群（105名）として，2回の質問紙調査やウェブへのアクセス状況から介入効果を評価した。<br>【結果】1）アクセス人数の割合は初回が最も高く，次第に減少した。第5回からの追加メール配信開始以降に増加に転じたが再び減少し，最終回に増えるという変化を示した。2）ウェブコンテンツではレシピへの関心が高く，積極的閲覧者（High responder: HR）では介入後に料理の好きな者が有意に増加した。3）第2回調査では，介入群，対照群ともに変容ステージ維持期の者が減少し朝食欠食者が増加したが，これらの変化は対照群でのみ有意であった。<br>【結論】朝食支援プログラムは，介入群の朝食摂取行動を改善させなかったが，悪化を緩和する可能性が示唆された。より有効な支援とするためには，調理と喫食に時間がかからず，経済性や保存性を考慮した朝食レシピの充実，インタラクティブなコミュニケーションツールの導入，セグメント化した対象のニーズに合った情報提供が望まれる。

Circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (CLOCK) molecule plays major roles in circadian rhythmicity and regulates daily physiological processes including digestive activity. Therefore, we hypothesized that the CLOCK 3111T/C single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) might have adverse effects on the regulation of gastric motility. Based on the hypothesis, we investigated whether this SNP was associated with morning gastric motility. Ninety-five female university students (19.6±0.2 years) completed life-style questionnaires. Gastric motility, evaluated by electrogastrography (EGG), blood pressure (BP), and heart rate variability (HRV) were measured at 8:30 a.m. after an overnight fast. To determine the gastric motility, the spectral powers and dominant frequency (DF, a peak of the spectrum) of the EGG were calculated. No significant differences were found in breakfast frequency, energy intake, or HRV between CLOCK 3111T/C minor C allele (T/C or C/C) and T/T subjects. However, C allele carriers showed significantly lower DF than T/T subjects, suggesting slower gastric motility. Moreover, C allele carriers had a lower heart rate (HR) and tended to have lower diastolic BP compared with T/T subjects. These results support our hypothesis that this SNP is likely correlated with morning gastric motility. Such attenuated gastric and cardiovascular function that characterized CLOCK 3111C allele carriers could be affecting biological behavior in the morning.

邦人若年女性の約半数が日常的に四肢などに冷え感を有していることが報告されている.我々はこれまでに,若年女性の冷え感と低いエネルギー摂取量や体温・熱産生に関与する交感神経活動が関連していることを見出している.この結果に基づき本研究では,「若年女性の冷え感は,体熱産生が低いために,深部体温は保持されるものの末梢体温が低下し,その自覚症状として表れている」との仮説を立て,以下の実験による検証を試みた.被験者は,「四季を通じて日常的に四肢などに強い冷え感を自覚している女性(冷え群)」と「四季を通じて日常的に四肢などに冷え感をほとんど自覚したことのない女性(非冷え群)」各10名(18-21歳)とした.前夜から絶食した被験者に半袖半ズボンの検査衣を着用してもらい,異なる2日の午前8時30分に,体組成と安静時エネルギー消費量測定,もしくは体温と温度感覚(冷え感),交感神経活動(心拍変動解析)測定を26℃の実験室で行った.深部体温の指標として鼓膜温,末梢体温の指標として手先と足先の皮膚温度を,高感度サーモセンサーで60分間連続測定した.冷え感はビジュアルアナログスケールを用いて15分間隔で測定した.冷え群では非冷え群と比較して,体温・熱産生に関与する交感神経活動が有意に低く,除脂肪体重あたり安静時エネルギー消費量も低値傾向を示した.鼓膜温は全測定ポイントで2群で差がなかったが,冷え群では60分後の体温較差(鼓膜-手先,鼓膜-足先)が開始時と比べて有意に増加した.足先の冷え感スコアと鼓膜-足先の体温較差には,有意な正の相関を認めた.以上の結果から,日常的こ強い冷え感を有する若年女性は,(1)低い安静時エネルギー消費量,(2)深部体温には差がないが26℃・60分の曝露で深部-末梢体温較差が増加,(3)体温較差が大きいほど冷え感を強く感じるといった特徴を有することが示唆され,本研究の仮説が支持されたと考えられる.

Although previous reports suggested that carbonated water drinking was effective against gastrointestinal symptoms, there is little information about the effects of carbonated water on gastric and appetite sensation. We therefore investigated the effect of carbonated water on short-term fullness with respect to gastric and cardiac responses in 19 healthy young women. Each subject was tested on three separate days at approximately 9 a.m. after an overnight fast. Gastric motility, evaluated by electrogastrography (EGG) and heart rate (HR), was measured for 20 min in the fasting state and 40 min after ingestion of water. Preloads consisted of an equivalent amount (250 mL) of water (W) or carbonated water (CW) and no drinking (blank). Fullness scores were measured using visual analog scales. To determine gastric motility, we assessed the component of bradygastria (1-2 cycles/min [cpm]), normogastria (2-4 cpm), tachygastria (4-9 cpm), and dominant frequency of the EGG power spectrum. After ingestion of CW, significant increases in fullness scores were observed compared with W. All postprandial EGG powers were significantly greater than preprandial, but no group difference was found. However, a dominant frequency tended to shift toward a lower band after ingestion of W. A significantly higher HR was found following consumption of CW as opposed to W. Multiple regression analysis revealed that increased HR was a significant variable contributing to the variances in fullness after ingestion of CW at 40 min. Our data suggest that CW may induce a short-term, but significant, satiating effect through enhanced postprandial gastric and cardiac activities due possibly to the increased sympathetic activity and/or withdrawal of parasympathetic activity.

BACKGROUND: Limited studies have shown inconsistent data about the association between the uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) gene A-3826G polymorphism and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. The present study investigated the association between the A-3826G polymorphism and low HDL-cholesterolemia in non-obese and obese subjects. METHODS: Anthropometric and biochemical factors, in addition to genotyping by an allele-specific DNA assay, were measured in 294 community-dwelling Japanese subjects (male/female: 127/167, mean age: 65 years). Obesity was defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m(2), and low HDL-cholesterolemia was defined as < 1.04 mmol/L of HDL-cholesterol. RESULTS: The subjects with the G/G genotype (n = 27) showed a significantly higher prevalence of low HDL-cholesterolemia (37%) than those with the A/A + A/G genotype (13%) in the obese group (n = 102). There was a non-significant difference in the prevalence of low HDL-cholesterolemia between subjects with the G/G genotype (n = 45, 13%) and with the A/A + A/G genotype (15%) in the non-obese group (n = 192). A multivariate-adjusted logistic regression analysis of the presence of low HDL-cholesterolemia revealed that carrying the G/G genotype was an independent and significant factor positively associated with low HDL-cholesterolemia [odds ratio (OR): 6.85, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.65-28.49] in the obese group, while carrying the G/G genotype exhibited a non-significant but reduced OR, by one-half, for low HDL-cholesterolemia (OR: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.13-1.96) in the non-obese group. CONCLUSIONS: The obesity status could have opposing impacts on the relationship between the G/G genotype and low HDL-cholesterolemia, providing insight into the need to consider the obesity levels when studying the association between the UCP-1 gene A-3826G polymorphism and HDL-cholesterol. KEYWORDS: Obesity; Body mass index; HDL-C; Atherosclerotic risk.

Background: Recent findings regarding the existence of functional brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult humans suggest a physiological role of BAT and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)-linked thermogenesis in energy balance. Objective: To investigate whether UCP1 polymorphism was associated with resting energy expenditure (REE) and thermoregulatory sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity in humans. Methods: A total of 82 healthy females (20-22 years) were genotyped for the -3826 A/G polymorphism of the UCP1 gene using a fluorescent allele-specific DNA primer assay system. REE was measured by indirect calorimetry. The thermoregulatory SNS activity was assessed by heart rate variability power spectral analysis according to our previously reported method. Each subject was studied in the morning, after an overnight fast. Nutritional values were calculated on the basis of 2-day food records. Results: The frequencies of A/A, A/G and G/ G genotypes were 0.27, 0.45 and 0.28, respectively. No significant difference was found in anthropometric indexes among the three groups. However, in the G/ G group, the percentage of energy consumed as fat was lower (A/A: 30.7 +/- 1.1%, A/G: 31.3 +/- 1.0%, G/G: 26.0 +/- 1.2%, P&lt;0.01), and energy intake tended to be lower (A/A: 7209 +/- 310 kJ d(-1), A/G: 7075 +/- 280 kJ d(-1), G/G: 6414 +/- 264 kJ d(-1), P = 0.16). With regard to metabolic parameters, group differences were observed in REE (A/A: 5599 +/- 170 kJ d(-1), A/G: 5054 +/- 115 kJ d(-1), G/G: 4919 +/- 182 kJ d(-1), P&lt;0.01) and in thermoregulatory SNS activity (A/A: 313 +/- 47 ms(2), A/G: 333 +/- 42 ms(2), G/G: 185 +/- 23 ms(2), P&lt;0.05). Conclusion: Diminished REE in G-allele carriers as well as reduced thermoregulatory SNS activity for the G/ G genotype, suggest that attenuated UCP1-linked thermogenesis has an adverse effect on the regulation of energy balance. International Journal of Obesity (2011) 35, 1050-1055; doi:10.1038/ijo.2010.261; published online 28 December 2010

Background:Recent findings regarding the existence of functional brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult humans suggest a physiological role of BAT and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)-linked thermogenesis in energy balance.Objective:To investigate whether UCP1 polymorphism was associated with resting energy expenditure (REE) and thermoregulatory sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity in humans.Methods:A total of 82 healthy females (20-22 years) were genotyped for the-3826 A/G polymorphism of the UCP1 gene using a fluorescent allele-specific DNA primer assay system. REE was measured by indirect calorimetry. The thermoregulatory SNS activity was assessed by heart rate variability power spectral analysis according to our previously reported method. Each subject was studied in the morning, after an overnight fast. Nutritional values were calculated on the basis of 2-day food records.Results:The frequencies of A/A, A/G and G/G genotypes were 0.27, 0.45 and 0.28, respectively. No significant difference was found in anthropometric indexes among the three groups. However, in the G/G group, the percentage of energy consumed as fat was lower (A/A: 30.71.1%, A/G: 31.31.0%, G/G: 26.01.2%, P&lt 0.01), and energy intake tended to be lower (A/A: 7209±310 kJ d 1, A/G: 7075±280 kJ d 1, G/G: 6414±264 kJ d 1, P0.16). With regard to metabolic parameters, group differences were observed in REE (A/A: 5599170 kJ d 1, A/G: 5054115 kJ d 1, G/G: 4919±182 kJ d 1, P&lt 0.01) and in thermoregulatory SNS activity (A/A: 31347 ms 2, A/G: 333±2 ms 2, G/G: 185±23 ms2, P0.05).Conclusion:Diminished REE in G-allele carriers as well as reduced thermoregulatory SNS activity for the G/G genotype, suggest that attenuated UCP1-linked thermogenesis has an adverse effect on the regulation of energy balance. © 2011 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved.

Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) plays an important role in thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue. Previously, we reported an association between -3826 A/G single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the promoter of UCP1 gene and lower thermogenesis in young women, suggesting this SNP has an adverse effect on the regulation of energy balance. Based on the hypothesis that this SNP (G allele) may have resistance against diet-induced weight loss, we examined its effects on anthropometric and metabolic responses to short-term, controlled-energy diet in young women. Seventeen lean women (20.9 ± 0.2 years; body mass index, 22.1 ± 0.5 kg/m(2)) were fed a controlled-energy diet (5.0 MJ/d, 62% carbohydrate, 19% protein, and 19% fat) administered by dietitians for 2 weeks. Clinical measurements were determined at baseline and after the dietary intervention. The subjects' physical activity was obtained using pedometers and self-reporting. The thermoregulatory sympathetic nervous system was evaluated using heart rate variability power spectral analysis. Upon the completion of the intervention, subjects were genotyped using an allele-specific DNA primer assay and results compared with their clinical measurements focusing on with or without the G allele. After dietary intervention, G allele subjects (A/G + G/G, n = 10) showed significantly smaller changes in body weight, body mass index, and waist circumference compared with A/A genotype subjects (n = 7). Similar changes were observed in parameters regarding glucose or lipid metabolism in both groups. These results suggest that the UCP1 gene -3826 G allele may result in smaller weight loss after a short-term, controlled-energy diet in young, lean women.

（採択）

OBJECTIVE: Genetic polymorphisms of the renin-angiotensin system have been implicated in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene and 3123C/A polymorphism of the angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT(2)R) gene affect blood pressure and other obesity-related metabolic changes in response to low-energy diets using meal replacement shakes for weight loss. METHODS: Clinical, metabolic, and biochemical profiles were measured before and after a 2-mo intervention in 32 obese women (age 49.9 ± 8.4 [SD] y; BMI 28.4 ± 3.3 kg/m²) restricted to 1200 kcal/d (5021 kJ/d). The polymorphisms were determined with an intercalater-mediated FRET probe assay system. RESULTS: Although weight loss and nutrient intake levels did not differ among the genotypes, the reduction in body fat after weight loss was significantly less in the ACE deletion/deletion (D/D) genotype than insertion/insertion (I/I) plus I/D genotype (-2.25 ± 1.40% versus -0.80 ± 1.57%, P < 0.05). The AT₂R A/A group had significantly less improved levels of systolic blood pressure (-7.23 ± 8.50 versus 2.50 ± 12.6 mmHg, P < 0.05), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (-0.36 ± 0.29 versus -0.09 ± 0.25 mmol/L, P < 0.05), carbohydrate (-54.4 ± 27.2 versus -31.8 ± 16.3 mg/min, P < 0.05) and fat oxidation (8.31 ± 11.86 versus 0.05 ± 9.99 mg/min, P < 0.05) than the C/C plus C/A genotypes. CONCLUSION: The present findings suggest that the homozygous form of the ACE gene may hinder the improvement of body fat and that the homozygous form of the AT₂R gene may make improving systolic blood pressure and some obesity-related metabolic parameters through a dietary intervention difficult among obese women.

本研究の目的は, 若年女性の肌状態に栄養, 生理学的要因が関与するかどうかを検討することである。横断的研究として, 肌状態, 生理学的検査, 2日間の食事調査, 精神状態, ライフスタイルに関するデータを皮膚疾患のない54名 (2022歳) の女子学生より得た。肌状態と生理学的検査項目 (体温, エネルギー消費量, 自律神経活動) は非侵襲的手法により測定した。統計解析の結果, 角層細胞面積とエネルギー代謝, 角層水分量とビタミンA・B1摂取量, 交感神経活動指標に関連が認められた。バリア機能の指標である経皮水分蒸散量と炭水化物, ビタミンB1, 野菜摂取量にも関連が認められた。また, 肌状態はメンタルな面や自宅での冷暖房使用とも関連していた。以上の結果から, 若年女性の肌状態には栄養的な因子とともに活発な代謝と自律神経活動が関与することが示唆された。

本研究の目的は, スープ摂取後の安堵感（心がほっと安らぐ感覚）の定量的評価を行い, スープの種類による安堵感の違い, および安堵感に影響を及ぼす心理的, 生理的要因を検討することである。予備試験では, 訓練された6名のパネルによる官能検査を4種類のサンプル（コーンポタージュ[90 kcal], チキンコンソメ[43 kcal], および等エネルギーで風味に乏しいコーン・プラセボ, チキン・プラセボ）について行い, 各サンプルの特性を位置づけた。本試験では, 前夜から絶食した11名の女性（22.6±0.3歳）に, スープサンプルを朝食として, 異なる4日間にランダムな順序で負荷した。安堵感スコア, 満腹感スコア, 心拍数, 交感・副交感神経活動（心拍変動解析による), エネルギー消費量（呼気ガス分析による）を, スープ摂取前および摂取1時間後まで経時的に測定した。サンプルへの嗜好スコアは, コーンポタージュ, チキンコンソメの順に高く, 両プラセボで最も低かった。スープ摂取後の安堵感は, コーンポタージュでは他のスープサンプルより有意に高値を示した。安堵感は, 嗜好スコア, 満腹感スコア, 心拍数と正相関し, 副交感神経活動と負の相関を示した。本結果から, コーンポタージュ摂取後の高い安堵感には, スープへの嗜好性, および摂取後の満腹感と心拍数の上昇が関連していることが示唆された。

本食教育プログラムは視覚教材と舌で味わう体験を含み，児童の野菜への苦手意識を減じて積極的な野菜摂取を促すためのものである。我々は，この食教育プログラム『食べる授業』（45分の授業＋90分の実習）を小学6年生の4クラス（n=133）にそれぞれ実施した。食教育の効果は，食教育実施期間の前後に質問紙調査を行い，児童の苦手な野菜を食べようとする態度と意欲，及び家庭での野菜調理体験より評価した。質問紙には，児童の野菜への苦手意識のわずかな変化を観察するためのビジュアルアナログスケール（VAS）も用いた。その結果，20名（18.7％）の児童に苦手な野菜を食べてみようとする意欲が認められ，VASスコアからは，20品目中16品目の野菜において苦手意識の有意な低下が示された。食教育プログラム実施後には，家庭での野菜料理体験にも有意な変化が認められた（p < 0.001）。この食教育プログラムは，児童の野菜への苦手意識を改善し，野菜を食べることや調理することへの意欲を促す一助となり得ると考えられる。さらにVAS法は，児童において，野菜への苦手意識のわずかな変化を評価するための感度の良い測定方法である可能性がある。<br>（オンラインのみ掲載）

胃電図は, 腹部に装着した表面電極から経皮的に胃筋電活動を記録する非侵襲的な胃運動評価法である。本研究では, 胃電図を指標として朝食欠食と朝の胃運動の関連を検討するために, 朝食摂取習慣のある女性11名 (21.5±0.2歳) に, 1週間の朝食欠食および1週間の再摂食試験を連続して行った。各試験の前後に検査日を設け, 前夜から絶食した被験者の体組成, 空腹感と食欲 (Visual analog scaleによる) を測定し, 午前9時より胃電図と心電図を同時に記録した。得られた胃の電気信号を解析し, 1分間に約3回生じる正常波パワー (Normal power), 正常波パワー含有率 (% Normal power) およびその出現頻度 (Dominant frequency; DF) を定量した。心電図からは心臓自律神経活動を定量した。1週間の朝食欠食は, 有意ではないが% Normal powerとDFを低下させた。DFは欠食後から再摂食後にさらに低下した (p=0.074 versus baseline) 。朝食欠食後の空腹感スコア (r=0.55, p=0.077), 食欲スコア (r=0.60, p=0.051) と % Normal powerの相関には有意傾向が認められた。以上の結果より, 1週間の朝食欠食が習慣的に朝食を摂取している若年女性の胃運動を減弱させ...

L-カルニチンがヒトの空腹感に及ぼす影響を明らかにするために, 若年健常女性12名 (21.3±0.3歳) を対象として, L-カルニチン300mgを含有するフォーミュラ食と通常のフォーミュラ食を用いた二重盲検プラセボ対照試験による検証を行った (ウォッシュアウト : 1週間)。前夜からの絶食の後, フォーミュラ食を朝食として摂取させ, 食前および食後6時間まで満腹感スコア (ビジュアルアナログスケールズ ; VASs), 唾液コルチゾール, 血清カルニチン濃度, 血糖値, および心拍変動パワースペクトル解析を用いた自律神経活動指標を経時的に測定した。実験結果から, L-カルニチン摂取により主観的空腹感が軽減される可能性があること, および, 空腹感の軽減には血清総カルニチン濃度が関連していることが示唆された。さらに, 唾液コルチゾールはL-カルニチン摂取30分後, 2時間後には低値を示したが, 空腹感軽減との明確な関連は明らかではなかった。

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of aging and beta3-adrenergic-receptor (beta3-AR) polymorphism on the thermic effect of meal (TEM) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) response to a high-fat meal in 13 boys, 12 young men, and 11 middle-aged men. SNS activity was assessed via power spectral analysis of heart rate variability. Significantly higher very-low-frequency (VLF) components associated with thermogenic SNS activity and energy expenditure per lean body mass (EE(LBM)) were observed in boys during the pre- and postprandial periods. There were no significant differences in VLF and EE(LBM) in the preprandial period between the young and middle-aged men. After feeding, however, the middle-aged men showed a significantly lower TEM (% test-meal energy) and VLF compared to the young men. A multiple regression analysis revealed that age was the only significant variable contributing to both TEM and VLF, but beta3-AR polymorphism and percentage of body fat were not statistically significant. In conclusion, age likely has a greater influence on TEM and SNS thermoregulation than genetic factors such as beta3-AR polymorphism, suggesting that this age-related decrease in thermogenic response may be involved in the development of obesity among middle-aged men.

本研究は, 朝食欠食や食事中の三大栄養素の比率が食後の血糖値, 満腹感, エネルギー消費量, および自律神経活動に及ぼす影響を肥満関連遺伝子多型とともに比較検討したものである. 若年健常者8名に, 各被験者の体重1kgあたり22kcalに調整した総摂取エネルギーが等しい4試行の朝食と昼食の組み合わせ (CC : ご飯を主食とする高糖質食+高糖質食, SC : 欠食+高糖質食2食, FF : パンを主食とする高脂肪食+高脂肪食, SF : 欠食+高脂肪食2食) を4日間でランダムな順序で負荷し, 朝食前および朝食後6時間まで30分間隔で, 血糖値, Visual analog scaleによる満腹感, 呼気ガス, 心拍変動解析による自律神経活動を測定した. CC試行ではFF試行よりも朝食後3時間の血糖値, 満腹感, エネルギー消費量が有意に高く, 6時間の熱産生も4試行中最も高値であった. 高い満腹感や熱産生には有意差はなかったが自律神経系の関与が推察された. 朝食欠食 (SC, SF) 試行では熱産生が低く, 昼食後に心拍数の著増を認めた. また, UCP 1遺伝子のhomo変異 (GG) を有する者では熱産生が低い傾向が認められた. 以上の結果は, 耐糖能正常者において糖質を主体とする朝食の摂取が肥満予防に寄与する可能性とともに, 遺伝的背景へ配慮した予防の必要性を示唆するものである.

The present study was designed to investigate the metabolic and sympathetic responses to a high-fat meal in humans. Fourteen young men (age: 23.6 +/- 0.5 y, BMI: 21.3 +/- 0.4 kg/m2) were examined for energy expenditure and fat oxidation measured by indirect calorimetry for 3.5 h after a high-fat (70%, energy from fat) or an isoenergetic low-fat (20% energy from fat) meal served in random order. The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity was assessed using power spectral analysis of heart rate variability (HRV). After the high-fat meal, increases in thermoregulatory SNS activity (very low-frequency component of HRV, 0.007-0.035 Hz, 577.4+/-45.9 vs. 432.0+/-49.3 ms2, p<0.05) and fat oxidation (21.0+/-5.3 vs. 13.3+/-4.3 g, p<0.001) were greater than those after the low-fat meal. However, thermic effects of the meal (TEM) were lower after the high-fat meal than after the low-fat meal (27.5+/-11.2 vs. 36.1+/-10.9 kcal, p<0.05). In conclusion, the high-fat meal can stimulate thermoregulatory SNS and lipolysis, but resulted in lower TEM, suggesting that a high proportion of dietary fat intake, even with a normal daily range of calories, may be a potent risk factor for further weight gain.

This paper summarizes my Basmajian keynote presentation at the 2004 International Society of Electrophysiology and Kinesiology Conference. I dedicate this paper to Dr. Herbert A. deVries, the mentor of my research career. The following topics will be covered from the standpoint of Electrophysiology and Kinesiology for health and disease: (1) electromechanical manifestations of neuromuscular fatigue and muscle soreness, (2) cardiac depolarization-repolarization characteristics of normal and patients, (3) etiology of obesity and diabetes and autonomic nervous system, and (4) functional electrical stimulation for health and disease, respectively.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the thermic effect of food (TEF) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity in obese boys. Ten obese (9.2+/-0.4 years) and 13 lean boys (8.8+/-0.4 years) were examined for energy expenditure and fat oxidation measured via indirect calorimetry for 3 hours after a high-carbohydrate (HC; 70% carbohydrate, 20% fat, and 10% protein) or a high-fat (HF; 20% carbohydrate, 70% fat, and 10% protein) meal served on 2 different days at random. The activity of the SNS was assessed by means of a power spectral analysis of the heart rate variability. The TEF, expressed as a percentage of the consumed energy, was significantly lower in obese boys than in lean boys after the HC meal; however, such a difference was not observed after the HF meal. Multiple regression analysis revealed that obesity was a significant variable contributing to the variances in the TEF induced by the HC meal. Moreover, after the HC meal, the boys with a recent onset of obesity (duration, <3 years) manifested a lower TEF as well as a reduced very low frequency component of the heart rate variability, an index of thermoregulatory SNS functions, compared with the remaining obese and lean boys. In conclusion, obese boys possessed normal metabolic and sympathetic responses to the HF meal but showed a diminished thermogenic response to the HC meal, especially during the early phase of obesity.

OBJECT: Our objective was to investigate the effect of a long-term moderate exercise program on cardiac autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity in healthy children. METHODS: Three hundred and five children aged 6-11 years participated in a 12-month school-based exercise training program (130-140 bpm, 20 min/day, 5 days/week). Cardiac ANS activities were measured using heart rate variability (HRV) power spectral analysis in resting conditions. Following the first measurement, 100 children from the lowest total power (TP) HRV were chosen as experimental samples and the same number of age-, height-, and weight-matched controls (CG) was randomly selected from the remaining children. RESULTS: In the low group (LG), all the frequency components of the HRV were significantly increased after the training period, whereas only low-frequency power was augmented in the control group (CG). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that the 12-month moderate exercise training has a positive effect on cardiac ANS activity in the children who initially had low HRV.

OBJECTIVE: The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a key factor in the regulation of energy balance and body fat storage; however, to what extent the physical activity during the childhood years contributes to variations in ANS function is still unclear. The present study was designed to investigate the ANS activity in lean and obese children, focusing on the differences in physical activity levels. SUBJECTS: This study was performed on 1080 school children initially recruited to the present study. In all, 24 physically active and 24 inactive obese children (greater than or equal to120% of the standard body weight) were chosen as samples. Then, 24 lean-active and 24 lean-inactive children, who were matched individually in age, gender, height, and the amount of sports activity, were carefully selected from the remaining children. MEASUREMENTS: Physical activity was classified as the frequency of participation in after-school sports activities ( active; greater than or equal to3 times per week, inactive; nothing). The ANS activities were measured during the resting condition by means of heart rate (HR) variability power spectral analysis, which enables us to identify separate frequency components, that is, low frequency (LF; 0.03 - 0.15 Hz), reflecting mixed sympathetic (SNS) and parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) activity, high frequency (HF; 0.15 - 0.5 Hz), mainly associated with PNS activity, and total power (TP; 0.03 - 0.5 Hz), evaluating the overall ANS activity. The spectral powers were log transformed for statistical testing. RESULTS: The lean-active group demonstrated lower resting HR as well as significantly higher TP, LF, and HF powers compared to the remaining groups. In contrast, the obese-inactive group showed significantly lower TP (P&lt;0.05 vs the remaining groups), LF (P&lt;0.05 vs the lean groups), and HF power (P&lt;0.05 vs the lean groups), respectively. The obese-active and lean-inactive groups were nearly identical in all spectral parameters. The correlation analysis revealed that TP among 48 inactive children was significantly and negatively associated with the percentage of body fat ( r = - 0.53, P&lt;0.001); however, such correlation among 48 active children was modest ( r = - 0.33, P = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that obese children possess reduced sympathetic as well as parasympathetic nervous activities as compared to lean children who have similar physical activity levels. Such autonomic reduction, associated with the amount of body fat in inactive state, might be an etiological factor of onset or development of childhood obesity. On the other hand, regular physical activities could contribute to enhance the overall ANS activity in both lean and obese children. These findings further imply that regular physical activity might be effective in preventing and treating obesity beginning in the childhood.

This study investigated whether the -3826 A-->G nucleotide variant of the uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) gene is correlated with postprandial thermogenesis after a high fat meal in children. Healthy boys, aged 8-11 yr, were examined for resting energy expenditure and the thermic effect of a meal (TEM), which were measured by indirect calorimetry for 180 min after a high fat (70% fat, 20% carbohydrate, and 10% protein, providing 30% of the daily energy requirement) and a high carbohydrate meal (20% fat, 70% carbohydrate, and 10% protein). The sympatho-vagal activities were assessed by means of spectral analysis of the heart rate variability during the same period. Children were genotyped for UCP1 polymorphism by applying a PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism using buccal samples. There was no reaction of sympathetic activity to the high carbohydrate meal in either the GG allele or the AA+AG group and no significant difference in TEM. However, after the high fat meal, sympathetic responses were found in both groups; further, the GG allele group showed significantly lower TEM than the AA+AG group. In conclusion, despite fat-induced sympathetic stimulation, GG allele carriers have a lowered capacity of TEM in response to fat intake, suggesting that such impaired UCP1-linked thermogenesis can have adverse effects on the regulation of body weight.

OBJECTIVE: The autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays an important role in regulating energy expenditure and body fat content; however, the extent to which the ANS contributes to pediatric obesity remains inconclusive. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether sympathetic and/or the parasympathetic nerve activities were altered in an obese pediatric population. We further examined a physiological association between the duration of obesity and the sympatho-vagal activities to scrutinize the nature of ANS alteration as a possible etiologic factor of childhood obesity. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Forty-two obese and 42 non-obese healthy sedentary school children were carefully selected from 1080 participants initially recruited to this study. The two groups were matched in age, gender, and height. The clinical records of physical characteristics and development of the obese children were retrospectively reviewed to investigate the onset and progression of obesity. The ANS activities were assessed during a resting condition by means of heart rate variability power spectral analysis, which enables us to identify separate frequency components, i.e., total power (TP), low-frequency (LF) power, and high-frequency (HF) power. The spectral powers were then logarithmically transformed for statistical testing. RESULTS: The obese children demonstrated a significantly lower TP (6.77 +/- 0.12 vs. 7.11 +/- 0.04 ln ms(2), p < 0.05), LF power (6.16 +/- 0.12 vs. 6.42 +/- 0.05 ln ms(2), p < 0.05), and HF power (5.84 +/- 0.15 vs. 6.34 +/- 0.07 ln ms(2), p < 0.01) compared with the non-obese children. A partial correlation analysis revealed that the LF and HF powers among 42 obese children were negatively associated with the duration of obesity independent of age (LF: partial r = -0.55, p < 0.001; HF: partial r = -0.40, p < 0.01). The obese children were further subdivided into two groups based on the length of their obesity. All three spectral powers were significantly reduced in the obese group with obesity of >3 years (n = 18) compared to the group with obesity of <3 years. DISCUSSION: Our data indicate that obese children possess reduced sympathetic as well as parasympathetic nerve activities. Such autonomic depression, which is associated with the duration of obesity, could be a physiological factor promoting the state and development of obesity. These findings further imply that preventing and treating obesity beginning in the childhood years could be an urgent and crucial pediatric public health issue.