Koki Matsumura

Even though there is abundant constraint research in the context of leisure, little attentionhas been paid to the empirical examination of volunteer constraints in a sporting event. The presentstudy aimed at understanding the theoretical construct of volunteer constraints in a sporting eventand explored the influence of age, gender, and participating groups on volunteer constraints. Datawere collected from 584 volunteers at the Kobe Marathon 2016. First, the results of CFA indicatedthat volunteer constraints were divided into three factors: (1) structural, (2) intrapersonal, and (3)interpersonal. Second, the results of one-way ANOVA demonstrated that there was a statisticallysignificant difference in the three factor constraints among the following age groups: 20 years, 20–29 years, 30–49 years, and 50 years (p ＜ .001). Third, the results of the t-test showed that there wasa significant difference in structural and intrapersonal constraints between males and females (p ＜.001). Finally, the results of the t-test also revealed that there was a statistically significant differencein structural constraints between first-time participants and repeaters (p ＜ .05). Based on the abovefindings, it is concluded that volunteer constraints in a sporting event differ from age, gender, andparticipating groups.