Masahiro Sawada

In industrial clusters that are affected by earthquakes and tsunamis, advance countermeasures are necessary to ensure the continuity of business operations of companies. This article presents the results of a questionnaire survey of small- and medium-sized enterprises in Amagasaki City, Hyogo Prefecture, to determine the current status of disaster countermeasures, and a questionnaire survey of residents’ awareness of risks and their current countermeasures.

The following three points were identified as the impact of community revitalization support on the workers themselves. 1. 80% of the community revitalization supporters continue to live in his assigned area after retiring from their jobs after being involved in community revitalization support. 2. 90% of community revitalization supporters have changed professions after their involvement in community recovery as a professional, and have diversified into a variety of occupations. 3. 80% of the community revitalization supporters continue to be involved with their assigned regions even after quit the job, and the contents of their involvement are diversified.

In population decline situation, it is necessary to consider the trends for the post-disaster reconstruction. However, it is not clear how pre-disaster situation, the damage seriousness, and the efforts for the reconstruction, especially in village revitalization acts, affects post-disaster demographics. This study quantitatively evaluates the impact by them through the case study on the 2004 Niigata Chuetsu Earthquake, and discuss about the thoughts of the reconstruction based on the results. The analysis result shows the differences in post-disaster demographics between damaged areas and others dependeing on regional residential characteristics, and quantitative relationships between damages and postdisaster long-term demographics. It showed the importance of pre-disaster situation and damages for the reconstruction.

A disaster prevention system for special needs education schools requires a school BCP(Business Continuity Plan)that covers the entire process from disaster occurrence, emergency response, evacuation, and reopening of schools. The process of continuous improvement through formulation, training, and review of school BCP is important in itself. Through the participation of various actors, special needs education schools need a mechanism to foster understanding of not only disaster prevention but also welfare for the disabled. To address the issues of community collaboration identified in the questionnaire survey, the use of individual education support plans that involve families (parents) and community disaster management plans that involve the community may be the one of solutions.

In disaster response, it is said to be ideal establishing the disaster management cycle. Broadcasters are also expected to contribute to the prevention and mitigation of damage by reporting in accordance with this cycle. Therefore, in order to clarify the ideal form of broadcasting and the issues, we analyzed a radio program that have continued since the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake. As a result, it was found that when disaster coverage was focused on a single disaster and continued over a long period of time, the content of the coverage changed in line with the disaster management cycle. In addition, it became clear that it is important for long-term disaster reporting to have academic experts and supporters appear repeatedly in the program to the extent that they become "familiar" to listeners.

<p>Radio plays an important role in functioning in times of disaster even if power and communication are disrupted. This study conducted a survey of 100 radio stations affiliated with the Japan Commercial Broadcasters Association. The results show that radio is a medium to deliver information to the victims in the disaster area, and that disaster broadcasting is closely related to daily broadcasting. In addition to the four elements of disaster broadcasting that have been identified in previous studies― "disaster preparedness", "disaster reporting", "safety information", and "daily life information"― the "empathetic broadcasting" which links listeners and radio stations was found to play an important role in radio broadcasting.</p>

<p>This paper shows the effectiveness of joint ownership of land. Therefore, the result of the survey on the joint ownership of land is shown in Nagaoka City, Niigata Prefecture. Showed the actual state of joint share of land rights. It became clear that it is possible to not only share the benefits generated by the land but also to disperse the damage. This result shows useful land ownership and usage methods for relocation before and after natural disasters. In areas where disasters are expected to occur in the near future, advance reconstruction plans are progressing. It is one possibility to utilize this system in areas where the development pressure is not so high, where relocation is necessary to rebuild the residence.</p>

<p>2004年に発生した新潟県中越地震では、すでに過疎化、高齢化、農業の担い手不足等の課題が顕在化していた中山間地域に大きな被害が発生した。復旧・復興に際しては、従来の自然災害とは異なり、人口減少が進む地域社会をどのように再生、新生するかが被災地内外から問われてきた。ここでは、それらの復旧・復興プロセスがどのように検証され、その後の地域づくり等へと展開されてきたかを紹介しながら、「復興」に軸足を置いたときの「検証」の位置づけを整理する。</p>

Residence plan for the reconstruction begins with the planning of the shelter. Further, it is possible to create a better environment that can be discussed by suitable temporary housing planning and management. For example, in Yamakoshi village, the reconstruction spatial plan have provided not only housing reconstruction but also regional and their life reconstruction by considering about their past life style. Very important attitude for planner is to consider about their sustainable life style reconstruction. Safety against a disaster is also very important. But suitable planning for their living is much more important.

This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of collective relocation, an available recovery countermeasure after the Great East Japan Earthquake. This paper studied relocation projects of 2009 Typhoon Morakot, Taiwan and surveyed 7 major projects with more than 2,000 permanent houses, ever experienced scale in Japan. It is realized that, transfer distance is viewed as one determinative factor that demonstrates 6 critical issues of land acquisition, external resource, location condition in planning process, and project fund, management administration, culture succession in maintain process after resettlement. Collective relocation can be classified in 3 patterns of long transfer distance (above 10km), short transfer distance (below10km), and inside village transfer. While relocation inside village becomes an unavoidable solution, relocation site with short transfer distance likely reflects less demerit of relocation and accelerates life recovery smoothly and independently.

The affected area by the Great East Japan Earthquake, has a tight-knit community with strong relationships. However, the elderly are more outspoken than other community members, and not everyone in the area can freely voice their opinions. Still, the recovery process takes a long time. In Japanese provincial towns and fishing villages where populations are declining, it is important to acknowledge the opinions and contributions of the younger generation regarding town development and rehabilitation.This research examines the town rehabilitation planning process, which was written by adults and junior high school students during integrated study periods at schools, and states the importance of the younger generation's participation in the town's development and rehabilitation.

<p>This paper clarifies disaster response and recovery strategies from long term flooding damage after possible Nankai Earthquake Disaster from case studies in Kochi city. Japan has vulnerability suffering from long term flooding because many cities locate in area of below sea level. Tokyo, Nagoya, and Osaka have large below sea level area. Because of climate change, risk of flooding in those areas is becoming higher. In addition to climate change, M8 class earthquake cause land subsidence for fault displacement. Kochi is likely to suffer from that impact for M8 class earthquake called Nankai Earthquake, which might occur with 60% possibility within 30 years. Issues on disaster response and a strategic time line for recovery are clarified based on the analysis on recovery process of historic events, and stakeholder workshop in Kochi.</p>

This paper examines the community recovery assistance and reconstruction process after the 921 earthquake in Taiwan. The Tuniu district in Shiukang village was used as a case study to investigate the reconstruction process, and indicated that there are distinct phases; (i) state of confusion after the earthquake, (ii) building trusting relationships among residents and experts and creating incentives for the reconstruction, (iii) searching ways to community reconstructing by residents and experts, (iv) building networks and infiltrating residents, and (v) community management by residents&#039; reliance. The implications of these findings for recovery assistance and reconstruction planning are discussed.

A situation of people's lives in rural areas is discussed through analyses of a population distribution and a questionnaire survey for the residents about impressions of their lives. The population distribution is investigated by overlaying GIS data including land use, terrains, distance from the city centers and climatic data, and it was led that there is a clear tendency that the population of rural areas is under influences of terrains, distances from urban areas and climatic situations. It is also made clear by the questionnaire survey that the impression of residents about life in the rural area is affected by two factors, the population of a community and the ratio of aged people, and that each exerted a different type influence on evaluations of the impression about their lives. It is probably because that both influence vigor of the community and potential powers for mutual aids. In this case the population is clarified to be more influential than the ratio of aged people at least in case the ratio is less than 45%.

A situation of people's lives in rural areas is discussed through analyses of a population distribution and a questionnaire survey for the residents about impressions of their lives. A population distribution is investigated by overlaying GIS data including land use, terrains, distance from the city centers and climatic data, and it was led that there is a clear tendency that the population of rural areas is under influences of terrains, distances from urban areas and climatic situations. It is also made clear by the questionnaire survey that the impression of residents about life in the rural area is affected by two factors, the population of a community and the ratio of aged people, and that each exerted a different type influence on evaluations of the impression about their lives. It is probably because that both influence vigor of the community and potential powers for mutual aids. In this case the population is clarified to be more influential than the ratio of aged people at least in case the ratio is less than 45%.

At the Mid-Niigata Earthquake of 2004, we happened to see the problem of some isolated villages in intermediate and mountainous areas. The southern area of Kii-Peninsula, that we have examined, has same situation. And in this area, depopulation and aging are progressing. In case of the Tonankai-Nankai Earthquake, we will be confronted with a crisis of some villagestユ disappearance. So we attempt to construct the index to evaluate self-support of a region. In this paper, we take effect with field examinations, verify effective extent of the index on the model region, and consider the possibility of putting the index to practical use.

In the Mid Niigata Earthquake, there are many landslides in the mountains area and the suburban hillside area and many villages are unable to be reconstructed in the original sites. Therefore, these villages are reconstructed through the projects of houses relocation for disaster prevention into safe sites, which are located partly near the old villages and partly near the central town. These houses relocation projects are evaluated variously according to the geographical and social characteristics of villages and to the relocation types. We implemented the questionnaire survey for each sufferer whose house is relocated. As a result, most of them are satisfied. But it is clarified that there are problems, such as the environmental capability of villagers against the new living conditions and the continuity of agriculture in the existing farmlands in the mountains, in the case of relocation of houses into the suburban zone of central town far from the old village in mountains.

In the Mid Niigata Earthquake, there are many landslides in the mountains area and the suburban hillside area and many villages are unable to be reconstructed in the original sites. Therefore, these villages are reconstructed through the projects of houses relocation for disaster prevention into safe sites, which are located partly near the old villages and partly near the central town. These houses relocation projects are evaluated variously according to the geographical and social characteristics of villages and to the relocation types. We implemented the questionnaire survey for each sufferer whose house is relocated. As a result, most of them are satisfied. But it is clarified that there are problems, such as the environmental capability of villagers against the new living conditions and the continuity of agriculture in the existing farmlands in the mountains, in the case of relocation of houses into the suburban zone of central town far from the old village in mountains.

長岡市法末集落は中山間の集落であり、中越地震により孤立し避難生活が余儀なくされた。地震以後の法末集落での、復興に向けての動きを報告する。

<p>After the Niigata-ken Chuetsu Earthquake of 2004, many housings were damaged and the risk of soil failures and inundations were increasing in intermediate and mountainous areas. And these areas have been had the problems related to depopulation by moving out their settlement because of disadvantage to the weather conditions and inconvenient location as usual. Therefore there are anxiety of many households moving out and breakdown after this earthquake in these area. Under the situation, Niigata Pref. Government adopts the community preservation. So we investigate into the households and analyze the impact on the communities and factors of moving out from their settlements. And we want to obtain empirical knowleges for community preservation at their native area in this study.</p>

<p>After the Niigata-ken-Chuetsu Earthquake of 2004, the public support systems which assist livelihoods of disaster victims (especially, repair and reconstruction of the housing) have been conducted. However, applying of the system is now undergoing and the whole situation of the problems, produced by operation of the systems, is not understood yet, though various problems are pointed out after the earthquake. This paper aims to understand the actual situation of problems of public supports for repair and reconstruction of housing introduced by the inconsistent policy making after the earthquake from the operation of the system and the utilization by the disaster victims point of view.</p>

長岡市と富山市は、それぞれ市街地拡大に伴う郊外での大規模小売店舗に代表される商業施設の立地が進み、それが一要因となり中心市街地が衰退化している。戦災復興前後とそれ以降での都市全体の軸構造と中心市街地が持つ軸構造に加え、高度経済成長期以降の大規模小売店舗出店動向に着目し、街路構成変化と商業機能立地との関係性を明らかにするとともに、長岡市の中心市街地が衰退化に至る一要因を考察した。

<p>Not only disaster damage but also recovery process are different in each disaster. On the 2004 Mid Niigata Earthquake (Mw6.6), there are some characteristic issues<tt> </tt>in the response and recovery processes of follows; (1)Various spaces and facilities such as public facilities, private yards, private cars, semi-private open spaces were used as evaluation space. (2)Snow influenced recovery activities and speeds, because Niigata is heavy snow region in Japan. The Response and recovery process for a half-year after the earthquake in Kawaguchi-town was surveyed. Land-use for post-disaster activities was observed intermittently and, characteristics of recovery process in Kwaguchi-town were considered.</p>

<p>The purpose of this study is to draw allocation planning policy of temporary houses from analyses of victim's satisfaction after Niigata-Chuetsu Earthquake. The results are as follows; 1) "local community continuity" and "consciousness to facilities of their temporary housing" are extracted as appropriate variables to affect the victim's satisfaction by structural equation modeling. 2) In addition, it is clarified that sift arrangement by original local settlements can not be always continue the local community because many young households do not join local community. 3) It is concluded that new allocation methods that can arrange various resident needs is required.</p>

<p>This study evaluates the information sharing method powerd by GIS technology following a Mw.6.8 earthquake on the middle area of Niigata (Chuetsu area) on 23rd October 2004. We established the Chuetsu Earthquake restoration and revival support GIS project. Many kinds of data about the damage situation that the government and local governments or associated organizations owned were unified by GIS technology, and it was shown as a portal site on the Internet. The data input process was done outside the damaged area. These data were offered to the damaged area, and only practical use was expected. The effectiveness was shown as one of the methods of restoration and revival support by activity of the project.</p>

阪神淡路以降、活躍が期待されるボランティア活動であるが、今回の中越震災では、長引く余震の中、自宅前避難者が散見された。今回の震災の特異性や、地域性などの現状把握をし、効率よくボランティアを配するために行なったボランティアニーズ調査の報告を行なう。

平成16年6月に新潟地震40周年を迎える新潟市において実施した市内の全自主防災組織を対象としたアンケート調査の結果から、組織が抱えている問題点等現状を把握した。その結果、これまでの活動への取り組み姿勢の違いから、有効に機能している組織とそうでない組織との間に大きな差が生じつつあることが判明した。これらのことをふまえ、災害時、実際に力を発揮する自主防災組織づくりのあり方を考察した。

This study evaluates the information sharing method powerd by GIS technology following a Mw.6.8 earthquake on the middle area of Niigata (Chuetsu area) on 23rd October 2004. We established the Chuetsu Earthquake restoration and revival support GIS project. Many kinds of data about the damage situation that the government and local governments or associated organizations owned were unified by GIS technology, and it was shown as a portal site on the Internet. The data input process was done outside the damaged area. These data were offered to the damaged area, and only practical use was expected. The effectiveness was shown as one of the methods of restoration and revival support by activity of the project.