内平 隆之

Abstract In this study, a web‐based questionnaire was sent to residents of the Kinki region in the westside of Japan (N = 1053), and a multinomial logit analysis was conducted according to their isolation and loneliness status to examine social prescriptions that would presumably contribute to the prevention of isolation and loneliness. By comparing the marginal effects of social prescriptions on those with four types of isolation and loneliness status through the discrete choice model, we discovered that social prescriptions that contribute to the prevention of isolation and loneliness differ according to individuals by isolation and loneliness status. For example, for those who are not isolated but lonely, an effective strategy would be to encourage involvement in social contribution activities in the community and form high‐quality human relationships expecting to alleviate loneliness. The results also showed that residents in isolated situations tend to be indifferent to social contribution activities and social prescriptions to encourage involvement in such activities have limitations.

<p> Introduction</p><p> This paper investigates whether the "paradox of choice" is applicable to town walking. We conducted an experiment by developing three types of experimental smartphone applications (apps) with different forms of intervention for town walking. We compared the results obtained to identify the types of walking behaviors that would increase the participants' levels of satisfaction, expand consumption in an area, and make people interested in revisiting a town.</p><p> </p><p> Material and Methods</p><p> The apps developed for this study involved three types of intervention, as follows: 1) Type A intervention, in which the app shows multiple designated destinations and does not finish running until all of these have been visited; 2) Type B intervention, in which the app designates a single destination and finishes running after this has been visited, after which the participant is free to walk wherever they wish for a set period of time; and 3) Type C intervention, in which the app finishes running after the person walks wherever they wish for a set period of time. In the experimental design, we ensured that none of the participants knew which form of intervention they were using. In all cases, the apps were set so that the experiment would last at least 30 minutes.</p><p> </p><p> Results</p><p> Comparison among the apps with the three types of intervention the following significant effects. First, the Type B intervention generated more new discoveries during town walking the than Type C intervention (p = . 007). That is, the app that allowed people to walk freely after visiting a single designated point was more likely to result in discoveries than the app that allowed people to walk entirely freely. Second, the results suggested that the Type A intervention was more likely to make people want to visit the town again than Type B (p = . 043). That is, that app that allowed people to walk freely after visiting a single point was more likely to make them want to revisit the town than the app in which they visited multiple designated points.</p><p> </p><p> Discussion</p><p> The results suggest that a "paradox of choice" may exist that is unique to town walking. Specifically, the likelihood of generating the desire to return to a town was lower with the Type A intervention (where multiple destinations are specified) and, furthermore, the likelihood of people making discoveries may be reduced as a result of unconstrained walking, as was the case for the Type C intervention. Based on these results, it is proposed that the most effective method of app assistance for visitors to towns is the Type B intervention in which a minimum number of destinations are visited, after which people are encouraged to walk freely for a set period of time.</p>

<p>This study examines the internal effects of and framework for the evaluation of coworking local actions with university students. Based on the analysis of annual reports from the past 10 years in Enactus Japan, coworking of local actions with university students has made economic, envi­ronmental, and social contributions. Among these contributions, such coworking actions have provi­ded opportunities for the capacity development of individuals, organizations, and local communities. There are five ways in which coworking local actions with university students can help create sustainable internal effects. First is the construction of a developmental system in which trainees grow into trainers. Second is coworking with companies. Third is coworking with non-profit organizations. Fourth is coworking with the university center. The fifth is the establishment of a company by univer­sity students. Based on the above findings, this study demonstrated the internal effects of and framework for the evaluation of coworking local actions with university students.</p>

&nbsp;The Yato is a landscape unit often seen in hilly zone of South Kanto area. This paper is to clarify topographic characteristics and land use features of Yato in Yokohama City, where numbers of Yato and certain preceding studies of Yato exists. Through the research by GIS and TPI method, statistical measurement and cluster analysis, we found below: 1. Average area of Yato is 4ha and the bottom is almost 1ha that means very compact size of daily walkable environment. 2. The slope angle distributes between 5&deg; - 8&deg; (av. 8.11&deg;) that means not to steep angle good to farming and housing. 3. There are 2 types of Yato ; one is Normal type and the other is Koyato type. Normal type consists of housing at bottom and slope as forest. Koyato type consists of small housing area at bottom and farming fields at gentle slope.

近年，大学の役割として地域貢献が求められている。たとえば，文部科学省事業「地(知)の拠点整備事業(略称: 大学COC事業)」の目的にあるように，全学的に地域を志向した教育・研究・地域貢献を進め，地域コミュニティの中核的存在としての大学機能の強化を図ることが求められている。特に農村地域では，様々な解決すべき課題を抱えており，いかに大学の資源を活用し，より質の高い地域連携活動を実践できるかが問われている。これまでは，大学の地域貢献活動は教員を中心にゼミ活動として行われてきた。木村(2007)は，独自的か要請的かに着目し，社会貢献コストの負担先との関係から地域貢献活動を整理し，個人レベルで実施する活動の限界と継続性を担保する支援体制の必要性を示してきた。さらに，その解決策の一つとして，内平他(2011)は，農村地域サテライトの重要性を指摘し，専任コーディネーターの配置による連携要請のスクリーニングや，受け入れ先との調整などの組織的支援の有効性を示してきた。しかしながら，連携地域と大学の距離は一様でなく，すべての連携先にサテライトを設置することは不可能である。さらに，取り組む課題に応じて，往来頻度や派遺人数，交通費などの移動コストにも違いが生じている。特に，地域が学生との交流や援農活動を期待した場合，往来に係る費用は高額になる事例も見受けられる。今後の地域連携活動の推進においては，それぞれの大学と地域の置かれた地理的条件や社会条件のなかで，双方にとって望ましい活動を戦略的に選択して取り組む必要がある。

&ldquo;Yato&rdquo; is a landscape unit that is horseshoe-shaped flatland surrounded by the hill in three directions. In the hilly cities, such as Yokohama, many Yatos can be seen. Some previous researches mention about the importance of Yato from the perspective of ecological, hydrological, thermal environmental and social aspects. This study aims to developing the method for making Yato map by using GIS and DEM, and also classifying all Yatos based on the land use in Yokohama. By comparing previous researches, it becomes clear that this method is suite for making Yato map. Actually, Yato map is made in Yokohama and 4657 Yatos are extracted. It was also found that about 50% of all Yatos are already developed as low-rise residential areas, and about 30% are still undeveloped, by overlaying Yato map and land use map. Evaluating each Yatos from the perspective of natural and social environments will be needed as a future work.

地域再生において大学の果たすべき役割が重要視されており，大学改革実行プランなど社会の変革のエンジンとなる大学づくりが期待されている。特に地方中小都市や農村地域の衰退は顕著であり，学生が地域と連携する活動コミュニティ(以下，本稿では，「学生地域活動コミュニティ」とし，以降，学生Cと略す)を形成し，地域連携プロジェクトに参画することは，その課題解決のみならず，地域再生への貢献も期待されている(村上，2006)。一方で，学生の地域プロジェクトには，活動の継続性などの課題があることも知られている。そのため，大学が組織的に支援することが求められており，その一つのあり方として，地域の連携疲れや意識ギャップの解消などに，コーディネーター(総合開発機構，2007)や地域サテライトの存在(内平ほか，2011)が有効であることが指摘されてきた。しかしながら，学生の地域プロジェクトをどのように生成・発展させていくべきかという観点から，組織的支援のあり方を示す研究は不十分である。そこで，本研究では，学生Cの実態と発足経緯，組織的支援の実態，活動の課題を調査し，どのような組織的支援が有効であるかを提言することを研究の目的とした。

This paper aims to clarify the standard shape character of Yato-topography by classifying the small valleys whose small administrative unit name includes &ldquo;Ya&rdquo; that means valley. In the case study area, there are most Yato-topography with following characteristics, the reclaimable fields area is about 1 ha, the forest area is about 3 ha, the entrance width of vale is about 60m, and the distance from the entrance to the end is about 200m. This study declares that basic Yato that is social units units have these characteristics. In other words, Yato is a unit that has fields for mainly agriculture, whose area is about 1 ha, have forest as the water source whose area is three times larger than the fields. In the conventional method for extracting ato that uses the stream order, the areas of Yato units varies widely because of the influence by the fractal form of vales. In the method using small administrative unit for extracting Yato, the areas of Yato units are certain. Therefore, it is considered that the method in this paper is more appropriate.

This study examines the possibilities of the community-development method by the brick replication workshop. In the workshop, the pink brick utilizing the characteristics of a charcoal brick are fabricated. The results showed various possibilities of the brick, such as 1) the ease of the fabrication to upgrade the street corners, 2) the simple method that utilizes the waste materials, and 3) the conversion to interiors by taking advantages of the characteristics of the material. Unlike the progressive method using the red brick which mainly aims for building preservation, pink brick can be used for a new way of community development by its various characteristics to enhance participation.

近年、大学の第3の役割として社会貢献が求められている.農村地域では、都市と農村の協働の推進や、地方再生や農村の活性化の担い手として大学の貢献が期待されている.特に、過疎･高齢化が進む農村地域の現状を鑑みると、地域の課題解決を大学が教育･研究･社会貢献を通じて支援していくことが必要であろう.さらには、大学が農村地域のサポーターや地域活性化の担い手として、直接的･間接的に関与することへの期待も更に高まると思われる. そのためには、長期的な地域参画型の教育･研究を実施する仕組みが求められ、近年では大学本体とは離れた農村地域に地域連携拠点を設立する動きが拡がっている. 本稿では、農村地域における大学の教育･研究拠点であり、研究蓄積に乏しい｢農村地域サテライト｣に着目して、この拠点の実態を明らかにするとともに、この運営の特徴を果している役割、課題を考察することで、農村地域における地域連携拠点のあり方を示すことを目的とした. なお、ここでいう農村地域サテライトとは、大学･大学院の本部から地理的に離れた農村地域に設置された大学と関連した拠点とする.

This study clarifies the characteristics and the production method of the 'ash bricks' in Ube and Onoda area through its reproduction. Firstly, the overview of the ash bricks is given through literature and fieldwork. Secondly, interviews with the owners of the brick-buildings and craft-workers are provided by oral history. Thirdly, the production method is verified through the reproduction. The result serves as the basic data for community renovation with the use of the bricks. It also contributes to the conservation and utilization of the unique characteristics and the production method, and to the regional history of the modern non-burnt bricks.

The intent of this research was to point out the nature of bases of activity intended for the creation of a sustainable region. 1)There is utility in creating bases of activity with a social entrepreneurial perspective that factors in the use of existing stock in urban areas. 2)Bases of activity should be conducive to regular, daily use by neighborhood residents and avoid becoming a space for only select individuals.3)Bases of activity should be used to examine strategic business' means of attracting visitors that contribute to the solving of regional issues in a manner that conforms to the purpose of the affiliated activities group.

We classified villages in Amagasaki City in four types due to the situation of each accumulated farm, and described each spacial feature. From analysis of farmer&rsquo;s intention, it was cleared that there were correlation between village typology and farmer&rsquo;s intention. It is important understanding the tendency of farmer&rsquo;s intention about usage of their farm and Planning the way of use and conservation depend on their spacial and social feature.

食農分野特有のコープ教育（以降、食農コープ教育）を確立する必要性を示し、またどのようなあり方が妥当であるか、を考察する. これにより、農業や農村地域を支える実践的な人材を育成するための良学教育の方法を提示することを本研究の目的とした. なお、コープ教育（cooperative education） の公式定義については後述する．

我が国の農山漁村をとりまく厳しい社会経済環境の下、地域の活性化やコミュニティ再生の取組が全国各地で行われている。こうした地域づくりの活動においては、人材の確保と育成が大きな課題となっている。なかでも、住民の多様化や地域課題の複雑化が進行するなか、地域リーダーの重要性が高まっている。本研究では、今後の地域リーダー育成の課題を明らかにするため、第一に、兵庫県下の先進的な地域づくりのリーダー2名を対象とした聞き取り調査により、現在の地域リーダーに至る階梯と行動の実態を把握した。その上で第二に、兵庫県篠山市で行われた地域リーダー育成の研修会における質問票調査により、地域リーダーの抱える問題や行動を全般的に抽出し、整理した。また、これらを踏まえ、現代の地域リーダーが備えるべき要件と育成の課題を明らかにすることを目的とした。

近年、大学の新たな役割として、社会貢献が強調されるようになった。農学分野も例外ではなく、学内に、産学連携や地域連携部門を設置するなど、組織的な取り組みを推進する大学も数多く出てきた。しかしながら、自らが採用した地域連携活動の成果やプロセスを、社会的責任の観点から、どのように評価すれば良いかについてのガイドラインは未確立である。また近年では、大学と地域が連携協定を締結し、長期的なコミットの中で、総合的な問題解決・価値創造のシステムを構築する動きが広がってきている。このような地域連携システムは、研究者が研究対象へ接近する敷居を下げ、実践的な研究が進むというメリットがある一方で、なし崩し的な要求過多による連携疲れを生む危険性をはらんでいる。地域連携活動に投資できる大学側の資源は有限であり、限られた資源を、取り組むべき課題に適正に配分するためにも評価方法を確立する必要がある。そこで、本稿では、神戸大学大学院農学研究科の地域連携活動を事例として、その活動について評価をおこない連携活動の成果と課題を明らかにすることを第一の目的とする。またその結果をもとに、今後の農学分野における地域連携活動の評価手法のあり方について考察することを目的とする。

近年、農学分野をはじめ様々な研究分野で地域連携活動が積極的に推進されている。その理由の一つは、「産学官民連携」という言葉に象徴される社会の大学に対する直接的な知的貢献の要請である。大学の知識を価値源泉に、大学のシーズと地域のニーズをマッチングさせ、新たな産業育成や地域の知財管理を行い、知の実用的な問題解決や価値創造をはかり、社会還元をすすめることが、大学の使命として期待されている。これは、農学分野に限ったことではなく、すべての研究分野に対して要請されるものである。「研究」、「教育」につぎ、「社会貢献」を大学の第3の使命として強調する流れに位置づけられるものである。もう一つは、農学分野においては、特に「フィールドサイエンスの推進」のための地域連携への期待である。農学研究と現実・現場との乖離に対する反省から、研究・教育フィールドの発掘と活用を通じて、実学としての農学への回帰をはかる流れに位置づけられる。現場を知の源泉とするフィールド科学の推進は不可欠であり、大学の農学分野独自の仕組みづくりのあり方が問われている。本研究では、まず、農学分野における地域連携活動は、現在どのように行われているか、その枠組みと課題を整理する。そのために、既往研究の整理と全国の農学分野における主要な地域連携活動の分析をおこなう。次に、神戸大学と篠山市の地域連携活動の事例分析をとおして、今後の農学分野における地域連携システムの展望について一考することを目的とする。

In recent years, technologies related with mobile GIS and GPS have been progressed. On the other hand, field survey of the community environment and mapping the results with public participations seem to be effective for the community planning. But, it takes a long time and participant's great effort. Therefore, authors applied mobile GIS equipped with GPS to the field survey with public participation, to make it easer. As a result, although authors found the effectiveness of this method, there seem to be some future challenges.

Through analysis of citizen questionnaire at Sonoda district in Amagasaki-city carried out in February, 2006, We considered a role of urban farmland and possibility of the maintenance, practical use from the living environment formation, a viewpoint of community improvement. On this paper, we considered particularly civic agriculture male participation in planning awareness and possibility of civic support for farmland maintenance.

This study examines a method for producing a &Prime;Community Environmental Map&Prime; through public participation by using a Community Environmental Mapping Support System (CEMSS; user&ndash;friendly GIS). The authors developed a CEMSS and, as a case study, hosted a Community Environmental Mapping (CEM) Project employing the CEMSS. They describe the CEMSS and CEM project within the context of the following points: (1) Effectiveness of the CEM. (2) Effectiveness of the CEMSS in CEM. (3) Future challenges for improving the CEMSS. The findings revealed that participants were able to produce accurate maps using the CEMSS and that they were able to increase their knowledge of environmental design through CEM. For these reasons, the CEM Project was considered effective for community&ndash;scale spatial planning. Results from a questionnaire survey showed that CEMSS appears to be relatively easy for non&ndash;expert users of GIS to adopt, but that sufficient scope exists for improving the CEMSS. The potential for using CEMSS on a PDA with GPS in the field was considered particularly important as several participants found that they were unable to find their location on paper maps in areas with no obvious landmarks.