久保 桂子

<p>  The aim of this study is to find factors which influence wives' evaluation of their husbands' participation in housework and childcare in dual-career couples. By using a questionnaire of 727 couples with children in day care in Chiba prefecture, the following points were identified. First, according to a multiple regression analysis, the degree of their husbands' participation in housework and childcare positively affects the wives' evaluation of their husbands' involvement, while the effects of both wives' consciousness in favor of childcare participation of men and their work- family conflict on their evaluation are negative. Secondly, a two way analysis of variance shows there is a different evaluation between the two groups with regard to the low level of husbands' participation. The statistically significant result suggests that the wives' evaluation of their husbands' participation was lower in the case of wives who strongly subscribe to the involvement of men in childcare than in those who do not.</p>

本研究は,子育てをしながら働く母親を対象に,仕事と子育ての両立に困難を感じている状況に焦点を当て,どのような困難なのかを分析し,克服すべき課題を検討することを目的とした。分析には,2013年に千葉県で行った子どもを保育所に預けている世帯への調査票(有効回収世帯票1,099世帯分,有効回収率51.9%)のうち,269人の母親の自由回答を用いた。両立を困難に感じている具体的状況は,子どもを持つことが仕事での評価の低下につながる職場環境や,継続できる条件が不備である職場環境,多忙な母親の就業が子どもに及ぼす影響への心配,そして,仕事も育児も中途半端という思いなどが明らかとなった。また,夫との関係では,長時間労働と残業が日常的である夫の職場環境,子育ては女性の役割という意識や態度への不満が明らかとなった。さらに,保育環境,病児・病後児保育問題などの不備が両立を困難にしている要因として示され,以上の問題への取り組みが課題として明らかになった。本研究は,日本学術振興会平成24～26年度科学研究費補助金(研究種目:基盤研究C課題番号:24500890,研究代表者:久保桂子)による調査のデータを用いた。

This study examines how the workplace environment influences consciousness of the feeling that work hindersparticipation in family life for husbands in dual-career couples. In addition, I examined the relationships among consciousness of the feeling that work hinders participation in family life, the role of gender awareness of the husband, and the husbands'degree of participation in child care. I studied 531 couples with children in day care from my questionnaire survey in 2009 in the Tokyo and Chiba prefectures. The main results are as follows: when work is over at the appointed hour and the husband has flexible working conditions, husbands have a low consciousness of work interfering with family life. In the case of a work place where there is no understanding of child care and where there are long working hours, husbands feel that work interferes with family life. In addition, in the case of the husbands who cannot participate in child care, but who have a negative attitude to their gender role, they tend to feel more strongly that work hinders their family life.本研究は,共働き世帯における夫を対象に,仕事が家庭生活への関与を妨げると感じる意識に,仕事の時間や自由裁量度,さらに上司や同僚の理解などが,どのように影響しているのかを明らかにする。加えて,仕事が家庭生活への関与を妨げると感じる意識と,夫の性役割意識,育児参加との関係を明らかにする。分析には,2009年に東京都と千葉県で行った,子どもを保育所に預けている共働き夫婦への調査票のうち,531組のカップルのデータを用いた。主な結果は以下のとおりである。定時で仕事が終わる場合や仕事の自由裁量度が高い場合に,仕事が家庭生活の妨げと感じる意識が低い。そして,子育てへの理解がない職場の場合や,週の労働時間が長い場合に,仕事が妨げと感じる意識が強いことが明らかになった。さらに,性役割に否定的であるにもかかわらず,育児参加ができない夫は,仕事が家庭生活の妨げになっているとより強く感じていることが認められた。

本稿は,生徒の実態をふまえた生活設計の授業を考案するために,女子高校生の職業についての意識の実態分析を行うことを目的とした。分析に用いたデータは,千葉県の県立高校4校で2009年～2010年に実施した「生活設計に関する高校生の意識調査」のデータである。有効票数665票で,その中の女子票293票を分析した。ライフコース希望と進路希望を組み合わせた4つのタイプを作成し分析した結果,一般入試で志望校をめざし,結婚や出産後も就業継続希望のタイプは,学習意欲,仕事の社会的意義の高さ,生活設計への積極的態度の項目で最も得点が高く,性役割意識は最も低い。進路希望に関わらず,結婚や出産で仕事を退職,または中断を希望するタイプは,ほぼその対極にあることが明らかになった。

This study investigates factors affecting elementary school students' participation in housework, and examines the goal of home economics education to promote such participation. It is imperative for students to acquire skills and knowledge in housework to become "consumer citizens." We collected data from 1,036 students through a questionnaire in 2010 in Chiba prefecture. Multiple regression analysis confirms that students who have negative attitudes toward housework tend to participate to a lesser degree. They are likely to consider housework as troublesome and not their work, and that they are not capable to perform housework. Students who are taught how to do housework by their families tend to participate to a higher degree. Furthermore, students whose attitudes are negative toward housework but are taught about it by their parents participate more frequently than those whose attitudes are positive but are not taught by their parents. Therefore, it is important to teach skills and knowledge about housework through school education, that enables students to learn regardless of their home environments. Changing students' negative attitudes will be the goal of home economics education to promote their participation in housework

Life planning education is aimed at developing students' ability to plan their future. This study examines the factors affecting a positive attitude toward life planning in the case of high school students and examines teaching methods for life planning. We studied 605 students from a 2009 survey in Chiba prefecture. This study shows that the dream of having job, marriage and children and evaluating themselves affirmatively positively affected a positive attitude toward life planning. Anxiety about health and safety, occupation, marriage and family positively affected to a positive attitude toward life planning. Furthermore, this positive attitude toward life planning and mothers' influence on students to plan their future positively affected an affirmative attitude to study and discipline. Therefore, it is important for high school students to think about anxious matters. Thinking about anxious matters is thinking about risks. Therefore, we need to focus on risks encountered in our life in order to improve educational content of life planning. If the educational content contains recognizing risks and how to cope with these risks by using social securities or social network, for example, it may be possible for life planning education to develop students' ability to plan their life.

This study examines how dual-career couples cope with the care for sick children. I focused on the issue of usingexternal help for child care support. I investigated the extent to which they relied on friends, neighbors, clinicsand day care centers, members of family-support center and baby sitters for assistance. I conducted my questionnairesurvey in2009in the Tokyo metropolitan area of Japan. I studied582couples with children in day care. Thisstudy shows that the number of couples asking the wives'relatives for support for the care of sick children wasthe highest. The next highest was asking the husbands'relatives. Using clinics and day care for nursery care wasthird. The travel time to relatives'homes was positively related to the degree of asking external support for thecare of sick children. The degree of asking wives'relatives, the number of days that wives can take time off fromwork and wives'gender role attitudes were negatively related to the degree of asking for external support.本研究は,共働き夫婦における子どもの病気時の対処について検討することを目的としている。特に,外部の諸関係,すなわち友人・近隣の人,病児・病後児保育施設,ファミリーサポートセンターの会員,ベビーシッターなどへの育児援助の依頼について検討した。子どもを保育所に預けている首都圏在住の共働き夫婦に対し,2009年に質問紙調査を実施し,そのデータを分析に用いた。分析に用いたデータは582組の夫婦票である。主な結果は以下のとおりである。子どもの病気時に育児を依頼する程度が最も高い相手は,妻方親族であり,次いで夫方親族,そして3番目に病児・病後児保育施設である。親族との行き来の時間が長い場合は,外部の援助への依頼が高いことが認められた。また,妻方親族への依頼の程度が高い場合,妻の仕事を休める日数が長い場合,さらに,妻の性役割意識が高い場合は,外部への援助の依頼が低くなることが認められた。

本研究は,フルタイム共働き夫婦の家事分担に影響を与える物理的・意識的要因を明らかにするとともに,共働きをしながらも家事分担には抵抗を感じる夫の意識とさまざまな性役割意識との関連を明らかにする。分析には,2005年に行った共働きの夫婦調査を用い,そのうち,18歳未満の子どもを持つフルタイムの共働き夫婦を対象とした。主な結果は以下のとおりである。妻の年収が高いほど,夫の通勤・勤務の合計時間が短いほど,夫の家事分担度が高いことが明らかとなった。さらに,夫が家事を行うことに対する抵抗感について,夫が抵抗感を持っている場合も,妻が持っている場合もともに,夫の家事分担度が低い傾向にある。また,夫が家事をすることに抵抗を感じるという性役割意識は,女性への母親役割,妻役割を期待する意識と強く関連していることが明らかとなった。This study examines the factors concerning the division of housework between couples and the husband's gender role attitudes. I studied 895 full-time dual-earner couples with children under eighteen years old from a 2005 survey of dual-earner couples. This study shows that wives' high income is positively related to the husband's role in doing housework. Husbands' long working hours are negatively related to the husband's role in doing housework. In cases involving couples who think husbands must not cook or do the laundry, these cases are also negatively related to the husband's role in doing housework. The husband's gender role attitude that men must not cook or do the laundry is positively related to the husband's positive attitudes toward the mother's role and wife's role.

雇用労働と時間的葛藤を生じる育児, たとえば, 子どもの病気時の看護や保護者会への出席などは雇用労働の遂行を困難にする。本研究では, 仕事との時間的葛藤を生じる育児に焦点を当て, 夫婦の育児分担を規定する要因を検討する。分析には, 2005年に実施した既婚就業女性の夫婦調査から, 夫婦ともにフルタイムの雇用労働者で, かっ6歳未満の子どもをもつ677組の夫婦票を用いた。主な結果は以下のとおりである。妻の通勤・労働時間が長いほうが夫の育児分担度が高くなる一方, 夫の通勤・労働時間が長いほうが夫の育児分担度が低い。夫の職場が有給休暇の取りやすい職場の場合, 夫の育児分担度が高くなる。そして, 子どもの病気時の対応について, 夫婦が母親役割規範から自由であるほど夫の育児分担度が高い。さらに, 夫が家族の予定に配慮するほど夫の育児分担度が高いことが明らかになった。

This study examines the personal networks of working mothers and the support they receive thereof in child care. This research uses data obtained from a survey made in the year 2000 on 278 working mothers in the Tokyo metropolitan area. The findings indicate that mothers rely on instrumental support more from their relatives living with or near them than from their friends. My investigation on emotional support, on the other hand, shows that they seem to rely on the relatives on their side rather than their husbands' side, and that, so far as emotional support goes, they do not seem to count on their husbands' relatives so much as on their friends whose children go to same nursery or elementary school. The degree of instrumental support they receive is related to the residential distance from relatives, while the degree of emotional support is related more to the strength of emotional ties than mere distance. The network size affects both the instrumental and the emotional support statistics. Larger support is likely to be offered to mothers in large networks than those in small networks. Furthermore, it should be noted that the size of network of friends is related to the mothers' attributes and characteristics such as the number of children, the age of the eldest child, the number of friends their children have, and how mothers view companionship.