坂本 勇樹

At the European Spallation Source (ESS) ERIC, the liquid hydrogen moderator development is undertaken for its predominantly high parahydrogen fraction, which helps to attain a higher neutron intensity at a very high brightness. The Cryogenic Moderator System (CMS) is equipped with a catalyst to convert hydrogen from the ortho to the parastate to keep desirably high parahydrogen fractions of more than 99.5% in the cold moderators, which is required to deliver high brightness cold neutron beams to the neutron instruments. An in-situ measurement system for the ortho and para fractions of liquid hydrogen (OPMS) has been developed using a Raman spectroscopy to detect any undesirable shift towards a high orthohydrogen fraction caused by neutron scattering driven para-to-ortho back conversion. A Raman optics system was installed into a mock-up OPMS vacuum chamber and its performance evaluation tests have been conducted by flowing liquid hydrogen. It was verified that the developed Raman optics system succeeded in measuring the parahydrogen fraction with an accuracy of 0.1%, which met the requirement.

The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, in partnership with academia and industry, are developing the Air Turbo Rocket for Innovative Unmanned Mission (ATRIUM) engine: an air turboramjet + rocket combine cycle propulsion system intended to replace conventional liquid rocket engines in Vertical Takeoff Vertical Landing applications, such as reusable sounding rockets. A subscale Flight Test Bed (FTB) vehicle is also being developed to demonstrate the ATRIUM engine in a flight environment. In this paper, the ATRIUM engine and FTB vehicle are introduced, and current progress in their development is summarized. Future test plans and practical applications are also discussed.

Understanding the thermal-fluid characteristics of boiling hydrogen is of great significance for applications of liquid hydrogen, such as alternative clean energy and space vehicles. The boiling temperature of liquid hydrogen under atmospheric pressure is 20.3 K; thus, it is easy to boil to form a gas-liquid two-phase flow. Fuel transfer under the boiling state has been avoided in the space industry because of its unstable flow characteristics; precise control of the fuel, including the boiling flow, is necessary to improve the space-vehicle performance. This study aims to understand the flow-regime transition characteristics of boiling hydrogen through experimental investigation. The experimental conditions were as follows: the flow direction was horizontal, the inner diameter of the heating pipe was 15 mm, the mass flux ranged from 50 to 110 kg/m(2)s, and the pressure ranged from 250 to 300 kPa A. The flow regime transition characteristics were obtained by a high-speed camera. Fully liquid phase (LP), dispersed bubbly flow (DB), intermittent flow (IN), and annular flow (AN) were observed during the experiment. Each flow-regime boundary model is constructed using two dominant forces from the experimental result based on a Taitel-Dukler model. For the DB/IN boundary, a large-bubble sustainable condition is derived by the balance between the shear and buoyancy forces acting upon the bubble; for the IN/AN boundary, a droplet-sustainable condition is derived in terms of the force balance between the drag and gravity acting on the droplet. The semi-theoretical model predicts the experimental data with 96.7% accuracy. (c) 2020 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The aim of this study is a characterization of boiling hydrogen flow in horizontal circular pipe flow. The most important parameters for boiling flow are a void fraction and flow quality. Although the void fraction is measurable in some way, there is no established method for cryogenic fluid. The authors developed a capacitive void fraction sensor and applied it for boiling hydrogen flow experimental facility. The correlations between the void fraction and flow qualities are investigated by comparing the previously proposed models. The conversion model of the combination of Sekoguchi simple model and the Steiner model agrees very well with the experimental result.

<p>Quality is an important parameter on the gas-liquid two phase flow for organizing its heat transfer, pressure loss properties and flow regime. However, a method to measure quality has not been established yet. A new quality measurement method has been developed by using the mixers and capacitive void fraction sensor. The method is based on the experimental results that the slip ratio of the two phase flow homogenized by the mixers correlates closely with quality. A slip ratio model is created using the mass flux and void fraction after the mixer. Helical type and cross type mixers are arranged in series to homogenize the two phase flow in wide range of the flow regime. Air and silicon oil are used as the working fluids in this experiment. Several types of the flow condition are made by changing the mass flow rates in the horizontal, vertical flow passages. As a result, quality can be measured within ±50% of the error at 92% cases of the whole experiments. Quality meter shows less or comparable errors compared with the Smith's formula which is generally used. In addition, quality meter can be used both for the developed and undeveloped flows.</p>

<p>Many space vehicles are powered by liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen. Such fuel are cryogenic fluids, so they are easy to boil and become gas-liquid two phase flow. The LE-5B-3 engine has the capability of the idle mode firing same as the LE-5B-2 engine. Assessment of flow condition at the inlet of fuel turbo pump is important to operate the engine, because the fuel may flow in saturated condition under the idle mode in principle. In a two-phase flow state, void fraction is one of the most important parameters to assess the flow. Although many types of void fraction sensors were proposed, the capacitive technique has advantages to mount on the engine from the viewpoint of size, weight, toughness. In this study, plural circular electrodes capacitive void fraction sensor is developed for LE-5B-3 engines' ground firing test. The sensor was designed based on electric field analysis, and the specification was assessed prior to the ground test. The sensor was used in qualification test, and it was succeeded in achieving stable measurement and it helped to understand the fluid state during the engine operation. The sensor design technique, the assessment results and the ground test results are discussed in this paper.</p>

The aim of this study is a characterization of boiling hydrogen flow in horizontal circular pipe flow. The most important parameters for boiling flow are a void fraction and flow quality. Although the void fraction is measurable in some way, there is no established method for cryogenic fluid. The authors developed a capacitive void fraction sensor and applied it for boiling hydrogen flow experimental facility. The correlations between the void fraction and flow qualities are investigated by comparing the previously proposed models. The conversion model of the combination of Sekoguchi simple model and the Steiner model agrees very well with the experimental result.

<p>Reducing the amount of propellant for re-cooling is an important issue for the rocket propulsion system using cryogenic fuel. Immediately after the start of the engine, the liquid fuel boils and becomes two-phase flow. In the state of two-phase flow, the void fraction, which is the gas-liquid ratio, is one of the important value for flow control. For above problem, we are developing void fraction measurement system for the cryogenic fluid. These devices were attached to the S310-43 sounding rocket for the purpose of "measuring two-phase flow behavior and heat transfer characteristics during coasting flight." These devices withstood the vibration shock test of 40G and succeeded to measure the void fraction of liquid/gas nitrogen two phase flow under vacuumed and microgravity circumstance. This report explains development and experiment results of the void fraction sensor and a capacitance amplifier. </p>

A capacitance-based void fraction sensor has been developed for the rocket or airbreathing engines, which is simple and do not disturb the flow. Typical conventional sensors usually have two concave electrodes mounted on the outer wall of the dielectric tube. They are relatively low accuracy if they have a noise shield; the maximum measurement error is over 30% in our research. The aim of this study is to improve the measurement accuracy while keeping the advantage of simplicity, mountability and non-intrusive characteristics. A theoretical formulae and electromagnetic field analysis, EFA, are used to design the sensors and are compared to an experiment using air/silicon-oil mixture flow. As the result, a newly developed asymmetrical type sensor which consists of asymmetric flat electrodes with side walls shows good performance; the inaccuracy between true void fraction and measured void fraction is 6% for the stratified flow.

The hypersonic air-breathing engine, which is currently under development by Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), uses liquid hydrogen as the fuel. In order to accurately control the fuel flow rate during the start-up, it is essential to measure the heat transfer and pressure drop of the two phase flow. These two characteristics depend on void fraction, flow velocity and flow regime; thus, measurement methods for these values are required to be established. In this study, the void fraction measurement method by the high-speed image analyses has been developed. Two images taken from top and side directions by high-speed cameras of 1000 fps are used for “two-direction semi-automatic analysis”. We also develop “One-direction full automatic analysis” which uses only the side view as a full-automatic and high sampling rate method with little accuracy deterioration. The preliminary verification test using vertical pipe and acrylic ball shows favorable results within 2.2% error against the theoretical value. A cryogenic experiment using two-phase nitrogen flow was also conducted. Sampling rate of “One-direction full automatic analysis” can be up to 1000 Hz. The difference between the results of two methods was as minor as 5% when the void fraction was below 30%.

The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency launched the S-310-43 sounding rocket from the Uchinoura Space Center on Aug.04, 2014 for the purpose of investigating such behavior as boiling and flow of cryogenic liquid rocket propellant in an environment simulating coasting flight on orbit by using the sounding rocket's sub-orbital ballistic flight. In the low-gravity state, the cryogenic fluid (liquid nitrogen) was introduced into the test sections of similar shapes to the flow channels in the cryogenic propulsion systems. The boiling of liquid nitrogen inside the test-sections and the transition of flow regimes from gas/liquid two-phase flow to liquid mono-phase flow were visualized. The temperatures, pressures and void fractions of each channels were measured as well. Development of the experimental equipment for S-310-43 sounding rocket is described in this paper.