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  2. Mayumi Karasawa

Mayumi Karasawa

  (唐澤 真弓)

Profile Information

Affiliation
Professor, School of Arts and Sciences Department of communication, Tokyo Woman's Christian University
Degree
(BLANK)(Shirayuri College)
J-GLOBAL ID
200901020282835974
researchmap Member ID
1000183091

Research Interests

 8

Research Areas

 2

Research History

 2

Committee Memberships

 1

Papers

 28
  • Ka I Ip, Barbara Felt, Li Wang, Mayumi Karasawa, Hidemi Hirabayashi, Midori Kazama, Sheryl Olson, Alison Miller, Twila Tardif
    Psychological Science, 32(7) 998-1010, Jul, 2021  
    Adults are biologically responsive to context, and their responses to particular situations may differ across cultures. However, are preschoolers’ biological systems also responsive to situational contexts and cultures? Here, we show that children’s neurobiological stress responses, as indexed by salivary cortisol, are activated and responsive to psychosocial stressors relevant to their sociocultural emphases. By examining cortisol changes across different contexts among 138 preschoolers living in the United States, China, and Japan, we found that an achievement-related stressor elicited an increased cortisol response among Chinese preschoolers, whereas interpersonal-related stressors elicited an increased cortisol response among Japanese preschoolers. By contrast, U.S. preschoolers showed decreased cortisol responses after these stressors but consistently higher levels of anticipatory responses to separation at the beginning of each session. Our findings suggest that children’s neurobiological stress systems may be a critical biological mechanism allowing societal-level cultural phenomena to be embodied in individual-level responses, even among preschoolers.
  • Christopher L. Coe, Yuri Miyamoto, Gayle D. Love, Mayumi Karasawa, Norito Kawakami, Shinobu Kitayama, Carol D. Ryff
    Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, Aug, 2020  
  • Natsu Sasaki, Kazuhiro Watanabe, Kotaro Imamura, Daisuke Nishi, Mayumi Karasawa, Chiemi Kan, Carol Diane Ryff, Norito Kawakami
    BMC psychology, 8(1) 75-75, Jul 20, 2020  Peer-reviewed
    BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to examine the internal consistency, structural validity, and convergent/known-group validity of the Japanese version of the 42-item Psychological Well-Being Scale (PWBS-42). METHODS: The PWBS-42 includes six 7-item subscales designed to measure the following dimensions of eudaimonic psychological well-being: 1) autonomy, 2) environmental mastery, 3) personal growth, 4) positive relations with others, 5) purpose in life, and 6) self-acceptance. A questionnaire was administered to 2102 community residents in Tokyo aged 30 or over as a part of the Midlife in Japan (MIDJA) survey, in 2008. The internal consistency reliability was tested using Cronbach's α. Structural validity was examined using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Convergent validity was evaluated by calculating correlations of the Japanese PWBS-42 subscales with life satisfaction, negative affect, negative adjectives, positive affect, positive adjectives, self-esteem, and perceived stress scales. RESULTS: Data from 1027 respondents (505 males and 522 females) were analyzed (valid response rate = 56.2%). Cronbach's α values ranged from 0.70 to 0.78 for five of the subscales, while that for purpose in life was lower (0.57). EFA yielded a five-factor structure: The first two factors consisted of negative and positive items mostly from the environmental mastery, purpose in life, and self-acceptance subscales. The third, fourth, and fifth factors consisted mostly of items from the positive relations with others, autonomy, and personal growth subscales, respectively. As hypothesized, the scores for life satisfaction, negative and positive affect/adjectives, self-esteem and perceived stress were significantly correlated with all subscales of the Japanese PWBS-42. CONCLUSION: The subscales of the Japanese version of the PWBS-42 showed accep. levels of reliability and support for convergent validity in the Japanese population. The factor structure was slightly different from the theoretical 6-factor model: items of three subscales (environmental mastery, purpose in life, and self-acceptance) loaded together on two factors. This finding may be interpreted in light of the interdependent self construal found in Japan in which these three components could be closely linked.
  • Magali Clobert, Tamara L. Sims, Jiah Yoo, Yuri Miyamoto, Hazel R. Markus, Mayumi Karasawa, Cynthia S. Levine
    Emotion, 20(2) 164-178, Mar, 2020  
  • Shinobu Kitayama, Jiyoung Park, Yuri Miyamoto, Heiwa Date, Jennifer Morozink Boylan, Hazel R. Markus, Mayumi Karasawa, Norito Kawakami, Christopher L. Coe, Gayle D. Love, Carol D. Ryff
    Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Jan 30, 2018  Peer-reviewed
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Misc.

 56
  • Midori Kazama, Hidemi Hirabayashi, Mayumi Karasawa
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY, 51 546-547, Jul, 2016  
  • Aya Kamikubo, Mayumi Karasawa, Shinobu Kitayama
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY, 51 328-328, Jul, 2016  
  • 66(2) 271-288, Mar, 2016  
  • Jennifer Boylan, Shinobu Kitayama, Jiyoung Park, Yuri Miyamoto, Cynthia Levine, Hazel Markus, Mayumi Karasawa, Christopher Coe, Norito Kawakami, Gayle Love, Carol Ryff
    PSYCHOSOMATIC MEDICINE, 77(3) A8-A8, Apr, 2015  
  • Derya Gungor, Mayumi Karasawa, Michael Boiger, Duygu Dincer, Batja Mesquita
    JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY, 45(9) 1374-1389, Oct, 2014  
    In this research, we compare two forms of interdependent agency. Whereas all interdependent cultures emphasize interpersonal connectedness, we suggest that the nature of this connection may differ between face and honor cultures. In a large survey, with 163 Japanese and 172 Turkish students, we tested the idea that, consistent with the concern for face, Japanese interdependence emphasizes conformity; that is, fitting in, whereas, consistent with the concern for honor, Turkish interdependence stresses relatedness; that is, sticking together. The results confirmed these hypotheses: Japanese described their agency more in terms of conformity than Turks, whereas Turks described their agency more in terms of relatedness. Moreover, relational well-being was predicted by conformity in the Japanese group and by relatedness in the Turkish group. Autonomy was also important for both samples, and it predicted personal well-being. Results suggest that a multi-dimensional approach to interdependent agency is needed to distinguish meaningfully between different interdependent cultures.
  • Kazama Midori, Hirabayashi Hidemi, Karasawa Mayumi, Tardif Twila, Olson Sheryl
    The Japanese journal of developmental psychology, 24(2) 126-138, Jun 20, 2013  
    This study investigated how ambiguous maternal parenting in Japan related to 4-year-olds' theory of mind, emotional understanding, and inhibitory control. Japanese mother-preschooler dyads (n=105) and a comparison group of 58 American dyads were examined. Mothers completed the Socialization of Moral Affect-Parent of Preschoolers ("SOMA") which assessed the parenting of preschool-age children. The results indicated that Japanese mothers more often reported ambiguous parenting toward their children than American mothers. Controlling for children's age, verbal ability, maternal education, and other four variables on the SOMA, ambiguous parenting in Japan was negatively correlated with theory of mind and emotional understanding. In addition, 'encouraging' parenting in Japan was positively correlated with theory of mind. In contrast, parenting in America was not associated with theory of mind or emotional understanding. The results also showed that there was no relation between ambiguous parenting and inhibitory control in either Japan or the U.S. These findings suggest the possibility that ambiguous parenting in Japan does not encourage the development of 4-year-olds' understanding of others, due to the fact that utterances by Japanese mothers to their children are generally less clear.
  • 唐澤 真弓, 平林 秀美
    東京女子大学比較文化研究所紀要, 74 65-92, 2013  
  • 唐澤 真弓
    心理学評論, 55(1) 137-151, 2012  
  • 唐澤 真弓, 菅 知絵美
    現代のエスプリ, 512巻(512) 141-151, Mar, 2010  
  • 唐澤 真弓
    児童心理学の進歩(書評シンポジウム:高野陽太郎(著)『「集団主義」という錯覚-日本人論の思い違いとその由来』(2008年・新曜社)) 第49巻, 49 220-224, 2010  
  • Janxin Leu, Batja Mesquita, Phoebe C. Ellsworth, Zhang ZhiYong, Yuan Huijuan, Emma Buchtel, Mayumi Karasawa, Takahiko Masuda
    COGNITION & EMOTION, 24(3) 419-435, 2010  
    Past research generally suggests that East Asians tolerate opposing feelings or dialectical emotions more than North Americans. We tested the idea that North Americans would have fewer opposing emotions than East Asians in positive, but not in negative or mixed situations. Forty-seven European American, 40 Chinese, and 121 Japanese students reported the emotions that a protagonist of standardised positive, negative, and mixed situations would feel. Emotions were coded into three valence categories: pleasant, unpleasant, and neither-pleasant-nor-unpleasant. As predicted, cultural differences in opposing emotion associations were found in positive situations only. Moreover, East Asians reported more neither-pleasant-nor-unpleasant feelings, especially in mixed situations, possibly reflecting a deferral of valence appraisal due to expected change.
  • 林 治子, 唐澤
    東京女子大学紀要論集, 60(1) 169-191, Sep 30, 2009  
    The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between positive and negative spillover on work-family interface in middle-aged Japanese. We used data of 603 employed males and females between 30 to 64 years old, participating in the Survey of "Midlife in Japan for Health and Well-being". As a result, both positive and negative spillovers between work and family were found mutually highly correlated. On positive spillover on work-family interface, females scored higher than males. On negative spillover from family to work, males scored higher than females. In relation to socio-demographic characteristics, negative spillover from work to family was found stronger among younger ages both in male and in female; for males, it was found stronger among those who identified themselves belonging to lower social status, and for females, it was found stronger among those with higher educational attainment. Moreover, positive spillover on work-family interface was found stronger among those who identified themselves belonging to higher social status both in male and in female, and positive spillover from family to work was related to age and marital status. Further analysis including personal factors should be pursued.本研究は、「日本人のしあわせと健康調査」のデータを用いて、30歳から64歳までの有業男女603名を分析対象に、仕事と家庭間領域のスピルオーバーを双方向的に、かつ肯定的効果と否定的効果の側面(4側面)から相互の関連性を検討した。その結果、仕事と家庭間で肯定的効果と否定的効果の強い相関が示され、肯定的スピルオーバーは領域の方向性にかかわらず、相対的に女性のほうが多く、家庭から仕事への否定的スピルオーバーは男性で多かった。人口統計学的要因との関連においては、仕事から家庭への否定的スピルオーバーは男女ともに若いほど多く、男性では帰属集団で低位置にいると感じているもの、女性では高学歴のものほど多い傾向が示された。一方、肯定的スピルオーバーは、男女ともに帰属集団で高位置にいると感じているものほど多く、家庭から仕事への肯定的スピルオーバーは、若い年代の既婚者に多いことも示された。双方向的なスピルオーバーの分析をとおして示された結果を踏まえ、今後、個人的要因を含めた検討が必要であろう。
  • 林 治子, 唐澤 真弓
    Essays and studies, 60(1) 169-191, Sep, 2009  
  • Akiko Hayashi, Mayumi Karasawa, Joseph Tobin
    ETHOS, 37(1) 32-49, Mar, 2009  
    Among the lessons to be learned in Japanese preschool is how to experience, present, and respond to feelings. We suggest that the feeling most emphasized in Japanese preschools is sabishiisa (loneliness). Japanese preschool educators draw attention to feelings of sabishiisa, or loneliness, to promote a desire in young children for social connection. This social connection is built on a foundation of amae (expressions of dependency needs) and omoiyari (responding empathically to expressions of amae). Using examples from everyday life in a Japanese preschool, we argue that the Japanese preschool's pedagogy of feeling emphasizes learning to respond empathetically to loneliness and other expressions of need. Our analysis suggests that sabishiisa, amae, and omoiyari (loneliness, dependence, and empathy) form a triad of emotional exchange, which, although not unique to Japan or to the Japanese preschool, have a particular cultural patterning and salience in Japan and in the Japanese approach to the socialization of emotions in early childhood. [emotion, feeling, Japan, preschool, amae].
  • Joseph Tobin, Yeh Hsueh, Mayumi Karasawa
    2009  
  • Chiemi Kan, Mayumi Karasawa, Shinobu Kitayama
    SELF AND IDENTITY, 8(2-3) 300-317, 2009  
    In the present paper we propose that Eastern conceptions of well-being are minimalist in their emphasis on the idea of "nothingness.'' They place a strong emphasis on the realization that everything in the world is transient, fluid, and thus ultimately incomprehensible. This realization, in turn, may be expected to afford experiences of gratitude and peaceful disengagement. To illustrate this proposal, we used data from two studies, which suggest that the two dimensions of minimalist well-being (i.e., gratitude and peaceful disengagement) are distinct in both Japan and the USA. Moreover, unlike in many existing measures of well-being, Japanese were at least as high as Americans in their minimalist well-being scores. Implications for self, identity, and optimal functioning are discussed.
  • Chiemi Kan, Mayumi Karasawa, Shinobu Kitayama
    SELF AND IDENTITY, 8(2-3) 300-317, 2009  
    In the present paper we propose that Eastern conceptions of well-being are minimalist in their emphasis on the idea of "nothingness.'' They place a strong emphasis on the realization that everything in the world is transient, fluid, and thus ultimately incomprehensible. This realization, in turn, may be expected to afford experiences of gratitude and peaceful disengagement. To illustrate this proposal, we used data from two studies, which suggest that the two dimensions of minimalist well-being (i.e., gratitude and peaceful disengagement) are distinct in both Japan and the USA. Moreover, unlike in many existing measures of well-being, Japanese were at least as high as Americans in their minimalist well-being scores. Implications for self, identity, and optimal functioning are discussed.
  • Chiemi Kan, Mayumi Karasawa, Shinobu Kitayama
    SELF AND IDENTITY, 8(2-3) 300-317, 2009  
    In the present paper we propose that Eastern conceptions of well-being are minimalist in their emphasis on the idea of "nothingness.'' They place a strong emphasis on the realization that everything in the world is transient, fluid, and thus ultimately incomprehensible. This realization, in turn, may be expected to afford experiences of gratitude and peaceful disengagement. To illustrate this proposal, we used data from two studies, which suggest that the two dimensions of minimalist well-being (i.e., gratitude and peaceful disengagement) are distinct in both Japan and the USA. Moreover, unlike in many existing measures of well-being, Japanese were at least as high as Americans in their minimalist well-being scores. Implications for self, identity, and optimal functioning are discussed.
  • Essays and studies, 59(1) 195-220, Sep, 2008  
  • Mayumi Karasawa, Hidemi Hirabayashi, Twila Tardif
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY, 43(3-4) 637-637, Jun, 2008  
  • Human developmental research,coder annual report, 21 19-27, 2007  
  • Shinobu Kitayama, Batja Mesquita, Mayumi Karasawa
    JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, 91(5) 890-903, Nov, 2006  
    The authors hypothesized that whereas Japanese culture encourages socially engaging emotions (e.g., friendly feelings and guilt), North American culture fosters socially disengaging emotions (e.g., pride and anger). In two cross-cultural studies, the authors measured engaging and disengaging emotions repeatedly over different social situations and found support for this hypothesis. As predicted, Japanese showed a pervasive tendency to reportedly experience engaging emotions more strongly than they experienced disengaging emotions, but Americans showed a reversed tendency. Moreover, as also predicted, Japanese subjective well-being (i.e., the experience of general positive feelings) was more closely associated with the experience of engaging positive emotions than with that of disengaging emotions. Americans tended to show the reversed pattern. The established cultural differences in the patterns of emotion suggest the consistent and systematic cultural shaping of emotion over time.
  • 唐澤 眞弓
    保育の友, 54(6) 22-25, Jun, 2006  
  • 唐澤 真弓, 林 安希子, 松本 朋子
    発達研究, 20 33-42, 2006  
  • Shinobu Kitayama, Mayumi Karasawa, Batja Mesquita
    The Regulation of Emotion, 255-277, Jun 2, 2004  
    According to a dual process model of emotion regulation, a network of practices and public meanings of culture render the experience of certain emotions far more likely than the experience of certain other emotions. Moreover, these practices and meanings reinforce, either positively or negatively, certain emotions more than certain others. These collective-level processes of emotion regulation give rise to a number of spontaneous emotions, which may in turn be deliberately and optionally controlled by personal regulatory strate-gies. Available evidence for the model was reviewed to show that whereas socially disengaging emotions such as pride and anger are strongly afforded and reinforced in North America, socially engaging emotions such as friendly feelings and shame are strongly afforded and reinforced in Japan. Implications for cultural psychological research on emotion are discussed.
  • B Mesquita, M Karasawa
    PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY, 15(2) 161-166, 2004  
  • TD Little, T Miyashita, M Karasawa, M Mashima, G Oettingen, H Azuma, PB Baltes
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT, 27(1) 41-48, Jan, 2003  
    We compared the relationships among action-control beliefs, intellective skill, and actual school performance in samples of children from Tokyo (eta = 817, grades 2-6), Los Angeles (eta = 657), and West Berlin (n = 517). Although these samples have been utilised in other comparative studies we have conducted, the role and function of intellective skill, as measured by the Raven Progressive Matrices, has not before been examined. The results of our analyses predicting school performance from the action-control beliefs and the Raven scores were quite revealing. The amount of variance in actual school performance that was shared with (1) the children's action-control beliefs and (2) their Raven scores was very high in West Berlin (86%) and Tokyo (73%), but very low in Los Angeles (37%). These outcomes strengthen arguments that the comparatively high levels of personal agency, but low correlations with performance, are distinctive characteristics of US socioeducational contexts.
  • Batja Mesquita, Mayumi Karasawa
    Cognition and Emotion, 16(1) 127-141, Feb 5, 2002  
    Cultural differences in daily emotions were investigated by administering emotion questionnaires four times a day throughout a one-week period. Respondents were American students, Japanese students living in the United States, and Japanese students living in Japan. Americans rated their emotional lives as more pleasant than did the Japanese groups. The dimension of emotional pleasantness (unpleasant-pleasant) was predicted better by interdependent than independent concerns in the Japanese groups, but this was not the case in the American group where the variance predicted by interdependent and independent concerns did not significantly differ. It is argued that cultural differences in the concerns most strongly associated with pleasantness are related to differences in ideals, norms, and practices of what it means to be a person. Cultural differences in the concerns are assumed to implicate differences in the nature of emotional experience.
  • B Mesquita, M Karasawa
    COGNITION & EMOTION, 16(1) 127-141, Jan, 2002  
    Cultural differences in daily emotions were investigated by administering emotion questionnaires four times a day throughout a one-week period. Respondents were American students, Japanese students living in the United States, and Japanese students living in Japan. Americans rated their emotional lives as more pleasant than did the Japanese groups. The dimension of emotional pleasantness (unpleasant-pleasant) was predicted better by interdependent than independent concerns in the Japanese groups, but this was not the case in the American group where the variance predicted by interdependent and independent concerns did not significantly differ. It is argued that cultural differences in the concerns most strongly associated with pleasantness are related to differences in ideals, norms, and practices of what it means to be a person. Cultural differences in the concerns are assumed to implicate differences in the nature of emotional experience.
  • B Mesquita, M Karasawa
    COGNITION & EMOTION, 16(1) 127-141, Jan, 2002  
    Cultural differences in daily emotions were investigated by administering emotion questionnaires four times a day throughout a one-week period. Respondents were American students, Japanese students living in the United States, and Japanese students living in Japan. Americans rated their emotional lives as more pleasant than did the Japanese groups. The dimension of emotional pleasantness (unpleasant-pleasant) was predicted better by interdependent than independent concerns in the Japanese groups, but this was not the case in the American group where the variance predicted by interdependent and independent concerns did not significantly differ. It is argued that cultural differences in the concerns most strongly associated with pleasantness are related to differences in ideals, norms, and practices of what it means to be a person. Cultural differences in the concerns are assumed to implicate differences in the nature of emotional experience.
  • Mayumi Karasawa
    Shinrigaku Kenkyu, 72(3) 195-203, 2001  
    Previous research has found that Japanese people make relatively critical appraisals of themselves while their appraisals of others are relatively flattering. In order to find the conditions under which these two evaluation biases occur, 144 Japanese undergraduates were first asked to list ten attributes of theirs and then to rate the desirability of possessing each of them (self judgment). Next, someone else in the same class rated the desirability of each (other judgment). Subsequently, all the attributes generated in the study were shown to a separate group of students, who rated general desirability of possessing each of the attributes (consensual judgment). Results showed that relative to consensual judgment, self-judgment was lower (self-criticism), but other judgment was no different for those attributes that were consensually negative. For those consensually positive, however, self judgment was no different from the consensual, but other judgment was higher (other-enhancement). Based on these findings, it was suggested that Japanese self-criticism operated in a relational self-improvement process whereby individuals sought to find and correct their shortcomings so as to meet socially shared standards of excellence.
  • M Karasawa, B Mesquita
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY, 35(3-4) 354-354, Jun, 2000  
  • 唐沢 真弓
    カトリック教育研究, (16) 36-45, 1999  
  • 宮下 孝広, 唐澤 真弓, 真島 真里
    発達研究, (14) 103-112, 1999  
  • 唐澤 真弓
    白百合児童文化, 9 122-124, Nov, 1998  
  • S Kitayama, M Karasawa
    PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN, 23(7) 736-742, Jul, 1997  
    Japanese studies have repeatedly failed to obtain any explicit tendency to enhance self-esteem. In two studies, the authors attempted and implicit assessment of positive feelings attached to Japanese selves and found evidence for such feelings. Study 1 examined preference for Japanese alphabetical letters and found that letters included in one's own name were significantly better liked than the remaining ones. Further, an especially strong preference was expressed by male respondents for the first letters Of their family names, and by female respondents for the first letters of their first names. Study 2 assessed preference for numerics and showed that the numbers corresponding to both the month and the day of one's birthday were significantly better liked than the remaining numbers. Implications are discussed for theories of Japanese selves.
  • International Journal of Behavioral Development, 23 736-742, Jul, 1997  
  • International Journal of Behavioral Development, (20) 385-404, Mar, 1997  
  • 唐沢 真弓
    児童心理, 51(4) 305-311, Mar, 1997  
  • International Journal of Behavioral Development, 20 385-404, 1997  
  • Mayumi Karasawa, Todd D. Little, Takahiro Miyashita, Mari Mashima, Hiroshi Azuma
    International Journal of Behavioral Development, 20(3) 405-423, 1997  
    Guided by research on German, Russian, and American children, we tested whether the tripartite action-theory model of children's psychological control generalises to Japanese children (grades 2-6, N = 817). Specifically, we used the Control, Agency, and Means-ends Interview (CAMI) to assess whether Japanese children's self-related agency beliefs, general control expectancies, and causality-related means-ends beliefs about their school performance are similar to those of children from other sociocultural contexts. The CAMI has shown strong cross-cultural validity, but it has not been tested in Japanese children. Because the CAMI measurement structure generally validated in this sample and the resulting action-control constructs showed many inter-cultural similarities, we concluded that the action-control beliefs generalise to Japanese children. The similarities likely reflect inter-cultural commonalities in teaching formats and everyday conceptions of performance in formal schooling contexts. In addition to these important similarities, however, we found inter-cultural differences in the self-related agency beliefs (i.e. patterns that were specific to this Japanese sample). For example, the role of luck and the relations between effort and ability showed unique patterns in these children (e.g. lower correlations than in other sociocultural settings). © 1997 The International Society for the Study of Behavioural Development.
  • 唐澤 眞弓
    白百合児童文化, 7 38-46, Sep, 1996  
  • 児童心理学の進歩（金子書房）, 35 271-301, Jun, 1996  
  • Annual Review of Japanese Child Psychology, 35 271, 1996  
  • KITAYAMA SHINOBU, KARASAWA MAYUMI
    THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL & SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, 35(2) 133-163, Nov, 1995  
    According to a cultural psychological perspective on self, many psychological tendencies are importantly constituted by multifaceted aspects of culture (such as ideas, dicourses, practices, and institutions), which in turn are rooted in the historically transmitted, and socially shared views of self as independent (predominant in North American and West European middleclass cultures) or as interdependent (predominant in Eastern cultures including Japan). Drawing on this theoretical framework, we first reviewed a vast body of studies on Japanese self, available in and out of Japan, across several social science disciplines, and identified several defining characteristics of the interdependence as it is instantiated in the contemporary Japanese society. Next, in order to illuminate some specific ways in which psychological tendencies are shaped by culture, we summarized our own Japan-US comparative research program on culturally divergent forms of self-realization and their consequences on mental and physical health. Directions for future research were discussed.
  • SRCD Biennial Meetings, 1995  
  • KARASAWA Mayumi
    Child study, 49(7) 52-57, 1995  
  • Human Developmental Research, 10 67, 1994  
  • Human Developmental Research, 9 87, 1993  
  • 唐澤 真弓
    白百合児童文化, 3 131-138, Mar, 1992  

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