Satoshi Yamamoto

In order to understand changes in the use of bamboo forests by wild boar, the count of the bamboo shoot feeding marks by wild boars, the position of culm, diameter of culm and a stand age-structure survey were conducted in Awaji Island from 2017 to 2018. Edible bamboo shoots appear on the ground in spring, but we found that wild boar has dug the soil and eaten bamboo shoots before the end of October. In November the number of eaten bamboo shoots accounted 0.1 to 0.7/100m²/day. The total number of the eaten bamboo shoots reached 10 to 15 /100m² during this month and this value was almost equal to the number of current-year culm appeared in the next spring. It is considered that wild boars severely affected to the regeneration of bamboo forest.

Myriophyllum aquaticum is an invasive alien aquatic plant and causes many problems such as water pollution, elimination of native plants, and obstructs water ways. To prevent these problems, suppression of M. aquaticum has been often implemented by local governments and/or NPOs. However M. aquaticum regenerate rapidly and suppression is not effective. In this study, to establish a method for eradicating M. aquaticum, vegetation and population surveys and test extermination were carried out in the field, and shading experiment took place in the laboratory. M. aquaticum covered the whole of the pond, but it rooted only on the shallow area near the waterside. During the laboratory shading experiment, M. aquaticum individuals survived the darkness for 158 days, but the length of M. aquaticum stems decreased through that period. It suggests that shorter fragments of M. aquaticum can die by short periods of darkness. At test extermination in the field, M. aquaticum did not regenerate after shading treatment with soil removed. Most fragments of M. aquaticum were removed with soil, and remnants of fragments were killed by the long darkness period. Exterminating M. aquaticum might be possible by using shading together with removing soil.

In order to prevent the expansion of bamboo forests, possibility of sustainable use of column for fuel and management of bamboo forests on the basis of the estimation of weight and volume of bamboo culm was investigated. The column density, raw weight, dry weight, apparent culm volume and culm volume was 10,460 ha^-1, 247.3t ha^-1, 120.5t ha^-1, 563.3 m³ ha^-1 and 234.2 m³ ha^-1, respectively. The dry weight of culm in Awaji Island was estimated to be 320,599 t. The culm volume recovered in eight years after having felled the bamboo by 50% density. The amount of culm consumption was 2.0t/year when the boiler was used twice a week. It seems that the selective cutting of intervals of 8 year seems to lead the sustainable use and management of bamboo forests.

In this research, we examined the possibility of tree vigor diagnosis by hand-held chlorophyll fluorometer (following, FluorPen) through comparison with the existing measuring method aiming at establishment of the simpler and more objective tree vigor diagnostic technique. Photinia glabra Thunb. were divided into the irrigation treatment groups and the non-irrigation treatment groups, and FluorPen, MINI-PAM, a chlorophyll meter, and visual diagnosis compared the decline degree of tree vigor by water stress. As a result, there was a significant difference by all the measuring methods in the irrigation treatment and the non-irrigation treatment after the 7th day of the experiment start. Moreover, only night measurement of FluorPen had a significant difference between the irrigation treatment and the non-irrigation treatment as of the 4th day.

To clarify the current status of irrigation pond abandonment and the problem for aquatic plant conservation, we investigated the percentage of abandoned pond in local area, the relationship between the depth of pond and aquatic and meadow plants diversity at farm village on hilly terrain in northern part of Awaji Island. The investigation was carried out by interviewing 133 pond manager and by field survey. We found half of ponds had been abandoned already, and, we verify the strong correlation between depth of pond and species richness of aquatic plants.

In this research, we surveyed the formation of wound wood at pruned points by the pruning examination of Cerasus speciosa (Koidz.) H. Ohba in a city park. As a result, the wound wood formed at 87 % of all pruning points, and we considered that the pruning management for C. speciosa is possible in city parks. Moreover, the differences of pruning time did not effect formation of the wound wood and the rate of covering. Therefore, time of after flowered is an appropriate time of pruning to achieve substantial amount of flowering. However, it was suggested that attention be necessary for the diameter of the pruning branch to increase formation of wound wood.

The effects of planting in the city on CO₂ uptake and alleviation of urban heat island phenomenon has received much attention recently. Varieties of general landscape shrubs with improved CO₂ absorbing and transpiration ability have been developed. In this study, differences of the improved varieties and the general landscape shrubs were evaluated by comparing CO₂ absorption and transpiration quantitatively. In the results, Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis 'Wald' showed 67 % higher growth rate in dry weight, and higher photosynthetic rate than the original. On the other hand, Salvia microphylla 'Kirsch Red' showed high transpiration ability compared with the original.

This research aimed to verify the influence which roots cutting exerted on the growth of the roadside trees, and to management of an excellent street landscape through the comparison with the tree form. 40 trees (cornus florida L.) were divided into roots cutting group and control group (each 20 trees), and trees height, amount of branch extension, diameter of trunks, number of leaves, and maximum photosynthetic rate (Pmax) were measured at existed 18 trees from June to September, 2008. As a result, the average of trees height on roots cutting was 0.41cm lower than control, the average of diameter of trunks on roots cutting was 0.03cm higher than control. The diameter of trunks has grown instead of the tree height's decreasing. By the coloring water absorption experiment, the root on the cut side supplied water to the same side branch, then the number of leafs in the branch on cutting side has decreased by water absorption trouble. But, Pmax was maintained from the rise of the amount of water which was able to be used at the individual leaf. It was suggested that natural tree form of roadside trees were able to be maintained by roots cutting.

Damage of Mass Japanese oak mortality in Aichi Prefecture by Raffaelea quercivora was confirmed in 2005 at first, and also spreaded in EXPO 2005 Commemorative Park until 2007. In this study, the damage of Mass Japanese oak mortality in this park was investigated and the cost of pharmaceutical expense for prevents their behavior at the entire park was calculated. As a result, the mortality of Quercus serrata was 17.0% in RINSYOKAEN plot and 14.3% in SHINRINRAKUEN plot. Moreover, there are 587 trees which should inject the medicine for Mass Japanese oak mortality in the entire park, and the cost was calculated 6394400 yen as initial cost (3394400 yen for medicine injection, 3000000 yen for management of dead trees). The expansion can be prevented by executing a prior medicine injection to Q. serrata Murray subsp. mongolicoides H.Ohba. that encounters the mass attack easily and preservation value is high in this region.

Several research methods are available for landscape assessment and conservation in enclosed landscapes, with which we interact constantly in our daily lives.The extraction of landscape elements in enclosed landscapes, however, is considered to be more difficult than in panoramic landscapes. This study examined several research methods using various materials,question survey and field survey. These databases were constructed by using geographic information system (GIS) and global positioning system (GPS). The landscape elements database measured straight line distances between roads and landscape elements, and property line of administration field and landscape elements. The land use has been determined from the position of the landscape elements. According to results, about 70% of the land use was consisted of landscape elements from the road within 25m. When the landscape elements were extracted, this was able to be shown as one technique.The result suggests when the landscape elements were extracted, GIS becomes one technique to simplify the methods.

Recent years, tree planting of construction is diversified. And the atriums are no exception to this case. This study is aimed at clarifying the role and the state of the plants which a user expects the atrium to provide. The method is the evaluation and the analysis of the photograph, taken during both daytime and nighttime, which has the scene created by the photo montage method. Consequently, it became clear that trees are filling the main role as an artificial feeling reliever and a provider of comfort, while it makes less contribution to this role in the night. It also showed that the user prefers the trees with high permeability and the particular forms of planting. Moreover, the difference in the recognition to planting is found among the users with different attributes.

This study evaluated the effect of the reduction in atmospheric CO₂ by a planting model of detached houses. The CO₂ reduction effect was evaluated by the amount of CO₂ fixed by planting trees and by the shading effect of planting trees reduced air conditioning energy. The CO₂ reduction planting model was calculated at a maximum rate of 70.16kg-CO₂/year in reduced atmospheric carbon. The amount of CO₂ reduction by shading effect of planting trees was larger than fixing effect. These result showed that necessities to investigate the planting design for the shading effect, as measures of the global warming in the future.

There are a large number of examples poor of growth of trees in Kabokurinen of Yumebutai (34 33' 30. 4N, 135 0' 30. 7E) north AWAJI-island in Hyogo. (Original planting was in 1998) It is necessary to investigate the cause of poor growth and to relate to future management plan. Therefore, the weather stations were set to establish the environment of the planting sites. Tree growth factors (height, canopy spread and girth) and soil (moisture, temperature and electric conductivity) were measured. Soil amending work was also carried out to recover the vigor of Cornus florida, over 2 months period, photosynthetic rates were measured to assess effect of soil amending work. Results show that, a large improvement was suitable for a poor water area. The other way around a small improvement was suitable for a rich water area. It is important for management to consider these factors.

This study sent out a questionnaire about CO₂ reduction by planting of trees to residents of detached houses. The results of questionnaire indicated that when information was included about "CO₂ reduction by planting trees",there was a significant difference in the number of respondents who selected the plan for CO₂ reduction, compared to those who did not receive the information. In addition, providing information about CO₂ reduction resulted in increased awareness of people concerning greenery and the environment. Therefore it was suggested that providing information on this topic will promote the use of greenery around detached houses as a countermeasure to global warming.

Necessary environmental conditions for healthy tree growth in artificial peninsula have been proposed. Lithocarpus edulis, Quercus phillyraeoides were selected for this study. They were planted at regular intervals on the line which intersects at right angle to waters edge. Environmental factors [average temperature, max temperature, minimum temperature average, average wind velocity, max wind velocity, rainfall, daylight hours, WI, CI, soil exchangeable Na accumulation] and plant growth characteristics [height, tree width, diameter, and maximum photosynthetic rate (Pmax)]were measured.Results show that, the Pmax has decreased with rising of the soil exchangeable Na accumulation.It was recognized that Lithocarpus edulis phillyraeoides does not grow healthy if it is within 48m from seaside, or if 50.6mg/100g of soil exchangeable Na accumulation or more. It was also recognized that Quercus phillyraeoides does not grow healthy if it is within 88m from seaside, or if 25.0mg/100g of soil exchangeable Na accumulation or more.

The rapidly aging society in recent years has been accelerating the shortage of workforce in primary industries. Consequently, agricultural landscapes, which used to be maintained by those industries, have also been undergoing a remarkable change. Agricultural landscapes, however, are one of the principal elements featuring the locality, and therefore should be taken as indispensable nowadays when local characteristics are made much of. Among agricultural landscapes, this study focused on grasslands, extracting some visual landscape components that people can recognize, aimed at providing fundamental materials in discussing effective measures for preserving local landscapes. The study showed that people have been aware of changes in grassland state due to seasonal transition or farming, viewing the presence of animals such as cattle as important in pasture landscapes. And the person who does not know the stock raising industry is higher than the person who knows at the evaluation of rural landscape scenery for example pasture. The possibility to improve the evaluation of them was suggested; how to showing these elements in rural landscapes; who sees the scenery?

As to the growth characteristic of Senecio Madagascariensis (fireweed) it is spread to become a problem was clarified, and the dissemination of information about the problem was examined. Fireweed's germination ability does not decrease if the seed is saved for one year. In an experiment, fireweed was sown under pasture grasses that grow well on Awaji Island; the seed germinated but did not mature. The threshold of leaf length in grasses is more than 190.8mm in Lolium multiflorum and 295.4mm in Avena sativa. It is recognized that fireweed does not grow if it receives total integrated solar radiation of 8.5MJ/m² and 7.6MJ/m² or less. This indicates that the best method of pasture management to prevent fireweed invasion is covering the soil surface with grasses. Fireweed was designated a second groups level invasive species on 1 February 2006. Therefore it is need that the transmission of information and make up information collecting system.

A pedestrian's gaze action is related to the feature of a sequence scene. It is thought that there are some garden scene elements which determine the course selection, and that those elements would have shown high fixation frequencies. This research, in order to confirm this assumption, aimed at clarifying pedestrian's visual recognition character over the garden scene elements by using eye-mark recorder in a Japanese garden. The results are as followings: Average gaze time was 0.15sec-0.2sec through the whole scene elements, pedestrian's once gaze time was quite short, and there was no differences in the each scene elements. However, the total gaze time to the flat bridge and the surface of water were in a higher rank among all scene elements, except plant leaves. Former two scene elements belong to the most important category in the element which forms the Japanese gardens. Since these two scene elements were frequently appeared as course selection motives by the questionary survey, it can be said that the "bridge" and the "water surface" are bearing the important role visually in the Japanese gardens. The total gaze time of pedestrian to the artificial scene elements area was higher than those of natural elements area in the scene for experiment. These results lead to the conclusion that different nature scene elements against the natural elements, which were easy to be fixed eyes on, are major factor for course selection.

The purpose of this study aimed to clarify the peculiarity to which they were passed for the rice field part and the terraced paddy field scenery among the rural area scenery. The aspect of the research is a visual recognition characteristic of the spectacle. Using the eye movement analysis elucidates the evaluation structure of man who evaluates the terraced paddy field scenery. And aimed to propose the new management technique turned to the maintenance of the terraced paddy field spectacle. As a result, the evaluation structure of the spectacle is different depending on the distance. The entire scenery becomes important in the distant view. The material such as flowers becomes important in the near view. It seems that the difference of the material do not influence the evaluation in the distant view.

Spacings of 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64cm in a straight line planting were investigated to examine the affects to size and shape on Amaranthus tricolor ssp.mangostanus. As a result, the difference by the spacing was not evident in the plant height growth. It was determined that as the plant spacings were decreased, the growth rate of the stem diameter at ground level also decreased. From this obervation we many summing that the diameter of the stem is proportional to spacing. It was also observed that the width of the plant was also proportional to the spacing. The width of plant of the transverse direction, was seriously suppressed compared to the cross-sectional width of the plant. The proportional relation was established between stem diameter and width of plant.

The experiment was conducted by using two plants, Sedum mexicanum and Cynodon dactylon X C. transuaalensis, and two types of soil. The total amount of evaporation and transpiration was measured everyday by the weight method during the 3 weeks experiment period. The result shows that for the Cynodon dactylon X C. transuaalensis, the water decreasing rate caused by solar radiation is proportional to the amount of water in the container, not to the soil type. When soil was kept moisturize, the amount of evaporation and transpiration is proportional to the quantity of solar radiation. The relationship between the total water loss and quantity of solar radiation is-0.34 mm/MJ. By using the result and the monthly total solar radiation, total water lose in August, which is the driest period of the year, was estimated to be 201.0 mm. Therefore, a 40cm thick soil is necessary to compensate the total moisture loss due to evaporation and transpiration in August.

The majority of the park-like cemetery constructed before World War II model'ed the Tama cemetery that was planned by Kiyoshi Inoshita in 1919 But the cemetery constructed after the War diverted from his idea The purpose of the current study was to discuss and clarify the open space design at park-like cemetery by comparing Hattori cemetery made under the influence of Kiyoshi's idea with Sakai cemetery made after the war. As a result, it was found that Sakai cemetery consists of a partial green tract of land reducing its space values, and hence losing a "solemn" atmosphere. Therefore, there suggests necessity for total integration of the grave-yard (grave and footpath area) with green tract of land. We suggest that the introduction of tree into the grave yard and shrub into the grave area would enhance its spatial value

There are many historical sites distributed within most cities. From a view point of residential environment, it is essential to consider the historical atmosphere of the site during renewal operations. This study aims at clarifying the relationship between favor by residents of a familiar landscape and the historical accumulation sites of the area. In this study, we grasp that, the historical accumulation of the area can be recognized from the spatial structure of the infrastructure and historical buildings. Secondly, the favor of residents to a familiar landscape can be investigated from various landscape factors obatainable from the residents through interview. As a result, it is found that the history of the area and individual history of residents have a strong influence in determining the favor of residents to familiar landscape.

This study is aimed to make clear that the environmental conservation effect of the large amount of greenery within the area of 100m, comparing Imabashi district and Azuchi district where there are many plants with Bingo district and Awaji district where there are few plants. It is concluded that 0.6-2.7℃ are lower in August and 0.2-1.2℃ are higher in December in the temperature at the districts which have the large amount of greenery. More species and individuals of birds are observed at the districts with the large amount of greenery than at other districts. About the landscape evaluation, most of the landscape evaluating items of Azuchi district are much higher. In this way, it was confirmed that the large amount of greenery has the environmental conservation effect.

People who live in built-up area recognize open space, including road, as living space not equally, because spatial structure of open space have great variety. This study aims to clarify the relationship between spatial structure and spatial cognition of the built-up area. In this study, we grasp the spatial structure in built-up area by analyzing distribution and formation of open space, and find out the relationship between the spatial structure and the public-private level of open space by knowing the sphere of living and the distribution of gardening on alley. From the analysis, we found that 1)the definite and independent space unit, 2)the phase of inner space, affect the spatial cognition.

This study is aimed to make clear that the environmental conservation effects of open spaces by urban redevelopment which were planted in continues, comparing Uonotana-street where there are many planted open space with Mirei-street where open space doesn't exist. It is concluded that in August it restrains to increasing 2.0℃, in September it restrains to increasing 0.6℃, and in December it restrains to reducing 1.9℃ in the temperature on the Uonotana-street. About twice of more kinds and individuals of birds are observed on Uonotana-street than on the other. About ninety percent of the pedestrians select Uonotana-street. About the landscape evaluation, all of the evaluating items of Uonotana-street are much higher. In this way, it was confirmed that open spaces by urban redevelopment which were planted in continues has the environmental conservation effects.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the quantity, the velocity and the mechanisms of fluctuations of environmental capacity in the Yodo River basin and the Yamato River basin in the Kansai district. For this purpose we assume that environmental capacity is composed of environmental quantity and environmental load and compare the environmental capacity at 1975 and at 1991. The results of analysis are summarized as follows: 1)The environmental capacity of CO_2 fixation has decreased in quantity by the increase of the amount of CO_2 exhaustion per person. 2)The environmental capacity of CO_2 fixation has increased in quantity by the increase of the standing volume of forest. 3)The environmental capacity of water resources has increased in quantity by the decrease of water demand per person. 4)The environmental capacity of water resources has decreased in quantity by the urbanization. This survey will afford some new perspectives on our environmental design, planning and way of life.

This study aimed to clarify the reconstruction method of Yodogawa Riverside Park from the viewpoint such as the activities of users and the symbiotic relationship with nature by investigating the natural zone and the wild grass field zone. Through this study the following findings are obtained. Users desire space with wealthiness of nature. This tendency is more conspicuously strong as for elder persons and as for persons living in more than 1 km distance far from each zone. In the community area of reed (Phragmites communis Tri.) which is one of nature zones, it is demanded to communicate with nature aggressively during preserving nature. In the wild grass field zone where various facilities for users are found, it is demanded to discuss the reconstruction such as this area increases nature moreover even if it is limited to use area to some degree.