Tomoki TAKADA

The decline in the use of semi-natural grasslands in Japan and the problem of a lack of management players have led to a need for sustainable maintenance and management measures. Based on the current status and issues of each grassland, it is important to identify items of value for the continued use of current semi-natural grasslands. In this study, a field survey was conducted in the Tomine Kogen in Kamikawa Town, Hyogo Prefecture, in order to clarify the changes in ownership, management, and utilization of the Tomine Kogen from the early Meiji period to the present. The research was carried out from April to November 2022, while belonging to the Tomine Nature Exchange Centre as an intern student, through literature review, data collection, interviews, and action research. Based on the survey results, it became clear that there are four periods in the Tomine Kogen as a community co-managed space for maintenance and utilization. (1) a period when the area was used as a traditional Japanese commons; (2) a period when regional joint use exists; (3) a period when land use declined; And (4) a period when visitor-oriented events were activated. These results are important insights in considering sustainable management and use strategies for the Tonomine Kogen in the future.

In this study, we clarified the composition of green spaces inside and outside the hospital sites and use of rehabilitation and perception of its effects in Hyogo Prefecture. As a results of the questionnaire survey, 86.3% of 109 hospitals had green spaces inside and outside the hospital sites<tt>，</tt>and 87.2% of those green spaces provided opportunities for physiotherapy. It was suggested that there is a psychological effect on rehabilitation in multiple in-site green spaces and a physical effect on rehabilitation in adjacent green spaces. In addition, as a result of analyzing the relationship between use of rehabilitation, DID and composition of green spaces using GIS, most of the hospitals that rehabilitate in the adjacent green spaces were located in urban areas. Analysis of aerial photographs suggested that the number and size of green spaces had an effect on whether or not it was used for rehabilitation.

This study clarified how the relationship between the configuration of the green space on the main street and the intention to use it differs depending on the attributes of the general users of the street, such as age, presence of children, purpose of use, and frequency of use, using the Flower Road in Kobe City as a target. As a result of the study, we were able to categorize the usage behavior on Main Street into three usage groups: "urban active use group," "natural active use group," and "static use group." In addition, the characteristics of different user behaviors by user attribute were clarified, indicating the need for a green space that enhances the willingness of users with different attributes to engage in diverse user behaviors.

<p>The purpose of this paper is to extract Kansei to rain and to derive a conceptual model for designing spaces that incorporate rain as a component. In order to achieve this purpose, we analyzed Instagram posts using a text mining method. First, we analyzed the co-occurrence of nouns and adjectives in all posts mentioning rain. Next, we conducted correspondence analysis to analyze the characteristic words related to rain in each season. Finally, a conceptual model for the spatial design of rain was proposed by adding theoretical considerations. This conceptual model allows us to understand relationship between spatial scales, phenomenon caused by rain, and activities in rain. This model is useful for designing architecture, green spaces, and landscapes that incorporate rain.</p>

<p> The purpose of this study is to present a model for the formation of a community for disaster risk reduction with a shrines as core. For this purpose, we conducted a social experiment at Itate Shrine in Wakayama City. Isao area, where the Itate Shrine is located, is exposed to various disaster risks such as earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, and landslides.</p><p> The following are the issues related to disaster prevention. (1) Local residents are not aware of the potential for various disaster risks. (2) There is no effective evacuation plan in the region. (3) There is not enough interaction between residents.</p><p> Therefore, in collaboration with local residents, priests of shrines, and academic experts, we created a "mubyo-sokusai map" integrating information on disasters and historical sites in the region.</p>

<p> The purpose of this study is to suggest an education framework for disaster risk reduction by utilizing Yokai, namely Japanese traditional monsters. In the pre-modern Japanese society, people understood that mysterious phenomenon are caused by work of Yokai. In addition, Yokai lore often tells us how to act when tsunami, earthquake, flood are occurred. Work of Yokai relating natural disaster can be classified in occurrence factor, omen, situation description, prevention scheme and disaster history transduction.</p><p> In this study, we conducted "Yokai Safety Workshop" as a social experiment, based on a role of Yokai lore as a social device to transmit disaster risks. Through the work to create new Yokai, the children who participated in the workshops were able to recognise the risks in the region and suggest how to avoid disaster risks.</p>

&nbsp;Shikoku Island in Japan faces a severe risk of Nankai earthquake which will be occurred in near future. In this island, there are many shrines around the coastal area. In this study, in order to examine the conversion of the shrines into evacuation sites, using the spatial information of shrines and the results of numerical simulation on tsunami damage, tsunami suffered risk of each shrine was clarified. Moreover, the difference of characteristics for damage risks of each enshrined god was examined.

&nbsp;The purpose of this study is to discuss the ways of natural disaster risk reduction based on the traditional local knowledge. In this study, we focused on the location of 1,215 shrines in Kohchi Prefecture and Tokushima Prefecture in order to uncover the profile of space accumulated in the community. More specifically, a survey about the location of shrines and the disaster risk potential of tsunami caused by Nankai Trough earthquake showed that many shrines escaped disaster hazard area. And by the investigation of the history and origin of each shrines, we have extracted that all of Engi-Shikinaisha(shrines listed in Engishiki laws) are located at out of the disaster hazard area.

&nbsp;The Kii Peninsula is the largest and the southernmost peninsula on the island of Honshu in Japan. It faces a severe risk of Nankai megathrust earthquake which will be occurred in near future. This peninsula is well known for the Shinto sanctuary, such as the Grand Shrine of Ise and there are many shrines in the vicinity of coastal area. In this study, in order to examine the conversion of the shrines into evacuation sites, using the spatial information of shrines and the results of numerical simulation on tsunami damage, tsunami suffered risk of each shrine was examined. Moreover, the difference of damage risks of each enshrined god was clarified.

&nbsp;Awaji Island is located at Seto Inland Sea in Japan and it faces a severe risk of Nankai megathrust earthquake which will be occurred in near future. This island is well known for the myth of country birth of Japan and there are many shrines in the vicinity of coastal area. In this study, in order to examine the conversion of the shrines into evacuation sites, using the spatial information of shrines and the results of numerical simulation on tsunami damage, tsunami suffered risk of each shrine was examined. Moreover, the difference of damage risks of each enshrined god were clarified.

&nbsp;The purpose of this paper is to examine the idea and method of &ldquo;Citizen Works&rdquo; as an approach to community-based nature restoration. The authors have developed the concept of &ldquo;Citizen Works&rdquo; on the basis of the case of restoring estuary named Kamoko on Sado Island, Niigata prefecture. The most difficult concern for the restoration of Kamoko is its governmental limitation: the estuary is a public property not designated by law. In order to promote the restoration project, we established a citizen organization, in which local residents carried out a restoration project in collaboration with researchers, private companies and governmental officials. In this paper, we explain the restoration process, and propose &ldquo;Citizen Works&rdquo; as an effective method for the regeneration of commons which means grass roots nature restoration.

In this research, we extracted and structured the concept of the river culture which is indefinite and elusive from a lecture collection "river culture" using the technique of the text analysis which measures a text by a computer. It is suggested that there are two major groups of concepts in river culture. One is global such as earth environments, and the other is local which focuses on living, education, etc. And concepts about the river itself, such as river engineering, exist to connect these two groups. Moreover, using the structured concept, it is possible to reach the contents of the lecture corresponding to an actual problem, and the possibility of application to practices was shown.

One of the most important issues of nature restoration is how to design the process of social consensus building. The purpose of this paper is to propose a method based on &ldquo;local milieu&rdquo; (local as vicinity) to build a consensus in nature restoration project. We have extracted the relationship between stakeholder's interests and the milieu of watershed from practices of the management of the consensus building process in the Ten-noh river restoration project carried out on Sado Island, Niigata Prefecture. &ldquo;Local milieu&rdquo; is a characteristic of a region whose specific geographical elements underlie both its natural climate and social conditions. We tried to refine the concept through using it for the management of the project and to show its effectiveness and validity.

&nbsp;The purpose of this study is to discuss the ways of risk management based on the modern significant ancient wisdom for the "community land management" after the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan. In this study, we focused on the location of shrines along the coastal area in order to uncover the "profile of space" accumulated in the heart of community. More specifically, a survey about the location of shrines and the damages caused by the tsunami in the coastal area of Miyagi Prefecture showed that many shrines are located at the exact limit flooded area. And by the investigation of the specific deity of each shrines, we discovered a majority of shrines which have roots in Izumo and Hachiman Shrine escaped from the tsunami disaster.

&nbsp;The assessment of stakeholders' interests is a critical step in consensus building processes in social infrastructure development. The coordinator of these processes needs to pay attention to both concrete interests and deeper concerns behind them for successful consensus building. The authors have engaged in the management of the consensus building process for the Ten-noh river restoration project carried out on Sado Island, Niigata, and have successfully developed a restoration plan by combining voices from different perspectives. One of the key conditions for the successful consensus building is to incorporate stepby-step problem solving processes responding to the issues identified by stakeholders. Such a steady approach leads to the consensus of the project as a whole. The authors have developed a framework to analyze the structure of consensus building processes in details by establishing a chart that layouts stakeholder's opinions, interests, deeper concerns, and concrete issues that arise when promoting a project of social infrastructure development.