Nobuo Shirai

Individual behaviors of citizens are important for implementing the necessary measures for adapting to climate change. However, studies on the adaptive behaviors of ordinary citizens are limited. Therefore, in this study, we developed behavioral models to understand individual behaviors for adaption to and mitigation of climate change. We compared four behavior groups, namely, G1, individual mitigation; G2, individual adaptive; G3, long-term adaptive; and G4, solar-energy system installation behaviors. Following a questionnaire survey for the four behavioral groups, behavioral models were developed using structural equation modeling, which considered psychological factors along with selected attitudes, perceived effectiveness, norms, benefits, practicality, and intention. Furthermore, we considered the recognition and attribution of local climate change as key factors for adaptation behaviors toward local climate change. The behaviors of citizens in four prefectures in Japan, namely, Nagano, Tokyo, Saitama, and Kanagawa were considered. Among them, Nagano Prefecture, wherein the implementation of adaptation measures was at a low level while that of mitigation measures was at a high level, showed a differing trend. In the behavioral models, the recognition of local climate change directly affected the behavior of citizens in the individual adaptive behavior group. In both the individual adaptive and long-term adaptive behavior groups, the impact of benefits was substantial, with significant differences across local areas. Thus, effective adaptation strategies might involve tangible and familiar examples demonstrating the consequences of behavior, thus enhancing citizens' behavior evaluation perception and fostering its acceptance as a desirable behavior. Tailoring adaptation strategies to specific local contexts might also be necessity. To encourage citizens to adapt to climate change and its impacts, we propose two-way efforts, instead of providing one-way information, by supporting citizens to think about self-help and mutual help effectively. Our study can serve as a reference for future studies focusing on citizen behavior about climate change mitigation and enhance their adaptation for locally implemented strategies.

&nbsp;In this research, a questionnaire survey was conducted to analyze the structure of consciousness in the choices of participation for renewable energy in Japan and Korea.<br>&nbsp;The results showed that in Japan, the intention to back-shift from nuclear energy and promote renewable energy became relatively stronger from before the Fukusihima nuclear plant accident to the present. However, people who demonstrate an intention to back-shift from nuclear power and promote renewable energy do not have a strong intention to participate in renewable energy. This phenomenon includes more women than men. An enhancement in participation choice for renewable energy is expected among people who demonstrate an intention to back-shift from nuclear power and promote renewable energy.<br>&nbsp;On the other hand, people who demonstrate a lesser intention to back-shift from nuclear and promote renewable energy have a strong intention to participate in renewable energy. It is assumed that these people have a strong consciousness of self-protection against risk following the Fukusihima nuclear accident.

固定価格買取制度により再生可能エネルギーの導入が活発してきたが、その一方で住民関与や地域の社会・経済・環境面での効果の希薄さが危惧されている。また、2016年4月からは小売電力自由化等の新たな動きがある。こうした揺籃期にあって、地域主体は、再生可能エネルギーの導入によって、どのような地域づくりを目指すのか、そのための地域施策はどのようにあるべきかを検討することが必要となっている。このため、本研究は、既往研究を踏まえて、再生可能エネルギーの導入によって目指すべき地域社会の変革目標の理論的枠組みを設定した。さらに、その枠組みを用いて、市民共同発電事業の蓄積や再生可能エネルギー条例等を進めてきている長野県飯田市の取組みを分析し、理論的枠組みによる地域分析の有効性の確認までを行った。設定した理論的枠組みは、（1）エネルギーの自治、（2）対話とネットワーク、（3）地域経済の自立、（4）社会公正と環境共生、（5）地域主体の自立共生、の5つである。これらの変革目標は、従来の地域づくりの延長上にあるものでなく、今日の諸問題の根本にある「内なる危機」を解消する、価値規範や社会経済システムの転換を伴うものである。5つの変革目標を枠組みとして、飯田市の状況整理を行い、飯田市の先進性を明確に切り出すことができた。これにより、5つの変革目標を枠組みとした地域評価の有効性を示した。今後は、さらに多くの地域での事例調査を実施し、再生可能エネルギーによる地域社会の構造的再生の理論的枠組みの具体化や事例のアーカイブズの構築等を行うことが課題となる。Situational changes are occurring concerning Renewable Energy (RE). Large RE stations made in local areas pose conflicts and divisions between regional subjects and RE stations. On the other hand, there are new possibilities to use RE through the full liberalization of retail electricity sales. In a situation like this, we need goal setting by regional subjects. This research was conducted to build a theoretical framework for the structural regeneration of regional communities through RE. Subsequently, a case study on Iida city was conducted to confirm the effectiveness of the theoretical framework. Iida is an environmentally advanced city that has pioneered the spread of photovoltaic power systems. Municipal ordinances for a sustainable community through the introduction of RE were enacted by the local government in Iida. The theoretical framework concludes five elements: A. Autonomy of Energy, B. Dialogue and Networking, C. Independence of the Regional Economy, D. Fair/Equitable and Environmental Symbiosis, and E. Conviviality. These targets of social transformation are not the extension of traditional regional construction, but are rather the transformation of the socio-economic system to solve the various problems. By using the theoretical framework, we could organize the situation in Iida and extract advanced points regarding the city. By this trial, it was shown that the theoretical framework was effective in community diagnosis. As a future task, it was necessary to conduct case studies on many regions, and to reify the theoretical framework. Eventually, we would like to build the archives of case studies of the structural regeneration of regional communities through RE.

<p>Interview surveys to public research institutions regarding agricultural experiment was conducted. As the result of the analysis of the promotion and barrier factors on the research of climate change adaptation, it was revealed that reference factors (vertical, horizontal) and characteristic factors (innovation, carrier) was applied.</p><p>The unique issues pertaining to research on climate change adaptation are as follows; (1) the horizontal reference factors act upon the research, but the coordination of the cooperation between local areas by a national institute is more necessary, (2) the strategy of research on long-term impacts is necessary to promote the research, but the prediction in local area is not enough, and (3) the research on adaption in the transformation of the socio-economical system is expected, but the necessary of transformation is inadequately recognized by the researcher.</p><p>It is expected that the public research institutions play an important role in adaptation for the long-term impacts and the transformation of socio-economical system.</p>

本研究では、社会経済システムの在り方や生活様式の見直しを具体化する活動として「トランジションタウン」に注目した。トランジションタウンは、①双子の危機（気候変動とピークオイル）、②レジリエンス、③リエコノミーとリローカリゼーションを基本理念とし、既存の都市をフィールドとした社会変革を志向する活動である。2006 年にイギリスで始められ、2008 年に日本に導入されたトランジションタウンは、全国各地で導入されている。藤野と浜松の活動主体へのインタビュー調査の結果、次の点が明らかになった。（1） 藤野と浜松の事例では、説明会を皮切りに、何をしたいかを話し合うワークショップにより活動が開始され、特色ある活動を展開し、地域に根付きつつある。（2） トランジションタウンの活動は、食・エネルギー・住・森林・教育・安全・経済・まちづくり・健康・精神・広報等、多岐の分野にわたる。これらの活動は、内容の新しさ、自由自在な多発性、アマチュアに留まらない専門性、という点で変革的である。（3） 藤野の地域通貨、浜松のフォレストガーデン等の活動は、コンヴイヴイアリテイ（自立共生）を具現化している。脱依存や創造性、自発性を重視する点で、環境配慮の普及に係る行政施策は学ぶべき点がある。（4） 域内での活動形成、一般への普及、地域間の普及において、専門的なノウハウやネットワークが活かされており、今後も活動が根づき、拡がりを示す可能性がある。In this study, we analyzed the &quot;transition town&quot;that shapes changes in the socio-economic systemand lifestyle. Transition town have concepts asfollows: ① twin crises, climate change, and peak oil; ② resilience; and ③ re-economy and re-localization. Transition town as a social movement change the system in existing cities. They were started in 2006, introduced to Japan in 2008, and eventually spread through the land. As a result of the interview survey of actors in Fujino and Hamamatsu, the following was revealed:(1) In Fujino and Hamamatsu, starting with an explanatory meeting, a workshop was held to talk about people&#039;s desired actions. The unique activities were started and are continuing. (2) The activities vary as follows: food, energy, housing, forestry, education, safety, economy, town management, health, spirituality, information, and so forth. They are unique andinnovative regarding the novelty of activities,the multiple generations on the land, and the specialty of skills. (3) The concepts of conviviality took shape through the &quot;local-money system&quot; in Fujino and the &quot;forest garden&quot; in Hamamatsu. They have many points to learn about, with an emphasis on dependency, creativity, andspontaneity. The environmental measures that are deadlocked impact the eco-lifestyle; we can learn from some of the activities. (4) They use know-how and networks in making activities in the region and in spreading these activities to the common people. The movements can spread in the region and the inter-region in the future.

Iida City in Nagano Prefecture is a town with an advanced environmental strategy, such as being selected by the environmental model city (Japan). This paper, based on a questionnaire carried out in the city, examines how the regulatory structure related to the residents' environmental action differs with location.<BR>The results show that there are differences in the model of environmental action between the city area and the surrounding mountain areas. While in the city area, Bonding Social Capital determines environmental action rather than the amount of environmental information acquired. In contrast, in the surrounding mountain areas, the amount of environmental information acquired determines environmental action. In these outlying areas, although Bonding Social Capital is strong, Bridging Social Capital determines the extent of environmental information acquisition. For this reason, in the mountain areas, it is thought that Bridging Social Capital was raising the degree of acquisition of environmental information, and was raise the degree of environmental action. On the other hand, in the city area, it is thought that for the measure by the Iida administration, Bonding Social Capital is strong, and was raise the degree of environmental action.

In order to design the eco-point system, it is necessary to set the target of segment of residents which is expected to start the environmental conscious action, and to design it based on their needs. In this research, using a questionnaire of residents in Arakawa City, it was analyzed that the difference in the needs to the menu for getting eco-point and the menu for using eco-point, and the media to get the environmental information by segment of residents. The target of segment of residents was set from the viewpoints of the degree of influence to others, the degree of transmission easiness, and the degree of delay for the environment consideration. In the results, it was confirmed that the difference by the segment of residents was clear.エコポイント事業の設計においては、エコポイントによって環境配慮行動を実施して欲しい重点的な住民類型を設定し、そのニーズに応じた事業設計が必要である。本研究では、荒川区民のアンケート調査により、住民類型によるポイントの付与メニュー及び還元メニューへのニーズ、環境情報の入手媒体の相違を分析した。対象とする住民類型は、他主体への環境配慮の影響度、環境配慮に係る情報の伝達容易性、環境配慮の遅滞性の観点から設定した。この結果、住民類型による相違が明確であることが確認できた。