木村 玲欧

A devastating Ms8.0 earthquake hit Wenchuan County, Sichuan Province, China, on May 12, 2008. A similarly destructive Mw9.0 earthquake hit eastcoast Miyagi Prefecture, Japan, on March 11, 2011. The governments of both countries took rapid, effective emergency response measures, gaining invaluable experience and learning precious lessons. To compare detailed emergency responses during these earthquakes and share lessons, this paper uses timeline analysis focusing on the levels of the two earthquakes, summarizing key emergency response measures focusing on emergency command center setup and operation, rescue force deployment and dispatch, emergency victim housing and resettlement, and public information reporting and release based on a time sequence. It also comparatively analyzes and sorts their implementation and timing and studies the similarities and differences of the two earthquakes. This paper also analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of emergency response measures taken by both nations, considering the background of emergency management systems to share experiences and provide references on future disaster emergency response work to improve abilities and progress in earthquake response.

<p>This study focuses on recovery efforts following the Mid-Niigata Earthquake in October 2004 and the Chuetsu-Oki Earthquake in July 2007 in Niigata Prefecture. Results of a randomsample questionnaire survey conducted in affected areas and throughout the prefecture are analyzed using a life recovery calendar, which identifies disaster damage in affected areas and in Niigata with the objective of systematically understanding the status and process of rebuilding lives. Although the magnitude of devastation and the nature of the disasters differ, both have similar life recovery processes. It is to be noted, however, that the impact of the Mid-Niigata Earthquake lingered over a larger area for a longer period than for the Chuetsu-Oki Earthquake.</p>

<p>This study analyzes the disaster educational programs that were implemented under the "Disaster Management Education Challenge Plan," an education project supported by the Cabinet Office, Government of Japan. In this study, cluster analysis of the characteristics of the disaster educational programs led to categorization of the programs into four types. The results are expected to encourage the general public to launch disaster management educational activities that incorporate practice cases from each of the four types of programs, and will likely spur the development of further programs.</p>

<p>This paper provides an overview of Kobe City measures to support persons requiring relief during disasters． It analyzes the results of a survey on disaster prevention welfare community activities in Kobe City, which integrate disaster prevention and welfare, and considers policies for promoting support by residents to persons requiring relief during disasters． As a result, the paper indicates that the awareness, training and planning of support activities and social capital thereof are factors in fostering support by residents to persons requiring relief during disasters ． Furthermore, it also examines the effect of the priority order of these factors on promoting such support．</p>

<p>We conducted a questionnaire survey of disaster victims of the Great East Japan Earthquake Disaster. We clarified victims' third-year situation and problems for disaster reconstruction. The questionnaire consists of four large elements; victims' situation during three years, feeling at the third year of disaster, decision about place of residence and reconstruction progress situation of affected area. We found that 1)around 80% of the respondent answered that "The speed of reconstruction is slower than their assumptions" or "I do not have a feeling that reconstruction is actually proceeding". The result is the statistically same as the result of the previous-year survey, 2)13.2% of the respondent did not determine the residence in the future. They have the dilemma of two options whether to leave the familiar region, to obtain the convenience of life or to remain in the region, to keep their ancestral land and the grave.</p>

<p>The Saitama Prefecture Tornado Disaster on September 2nd in 2013 caused big damage to elementary schools and junior high schools in the tornado route neighborhood, and exposed the lack of the disaster management education program concerning the student's appropriate correspondence behavior when the tornado occurred. Kumagaya (in Saitama prefecture) Local Meteorological Observatory conducted a questionnaire survey to students of five tornadodamaged school with Saitama Prefecture Board of Education and their schools. They clarified the student did not understand danger of the tornado and an appropriate correspondence action by the survey. They developed a learning program about response behavior and evacuation drill after/during tornado and showed that student's responsive competencies had improved with the educational program measuring effectiveness measurement.</p>

This paper clarifies recovery status and life recovery processes based on victims’ feelings following the March 2011 Great East Japan earthquake. Specifically, a questionnaires were given to about 3,000 quake victims to determine their status and any issues they may have had. The overall recovery picture was obtained using measurement called a “recovery calendar.” The structure of the recovery process was compared to disasters such as the Great Hanshin-Awaji (Kobe) earthquake in 1995. The recovery calendar indicated that 80% of respondents felt that local activities have not been restored to their original state and saw themselves as victims three years after the earthquake, indicating that recovery had progressed slower than it had following the Great Hanshin-Awaji earthquake. In a comparison of the three prefectures of Iwate, Miyagi, and Fukushima, Iwate and Miyagi displayed the same recovery trends. Fukushima recovered later than the other two prefectures. For the item “The local economy was no longer influenced by the earthquake,” it was indicated that the economic situation in Iwate was worse than that in Miyagi or Fukushima. General characteristics of the life recovery process were also investigated through a comparison to other earthquake and water disasters. Life recovery proceeded in five phases: 1) Victims prepared to have an uncomfortable life for a while and understood the extent of the damage.

Japan's recent disaster response management planning efforts have focused on non-structural measures. Many local governments often disseminate evacuation information through mail-based disaster information systems. Local governments make evacuation announcements based on their best judgment, and after that, they disseminate these announcements further using e-mails. However, there are no format of mail-based disaster information systems, and it has proven difficult to disseminate the appropriate evacuation information at the right time. Further, there are no current studies focused on developing a more suitable and effective management of mail-based disaster information system. We intend to analyze problems associated with current disaster information systems? with the objective of being able to recommend improvements? by focusing on actual evacuation information dissemination processes of mail-based disaster information systems. We begin with a survey of the actual content and timing of text messages issued by local governments. In this way, we are able to identify differences between text messages and time delays in the dissemination of evacuation information by local governments. Our case study is based on a survey of the evacuation information dissemination processes used in the case of Typhoon Man-yi (2013). © 2014 The authors and IOS Press. All rights reserved.

The concept we propose for a disaster management literacy hub (DMLH) involves systemizing and generalizing disaster management literacy (DML) and discussing how to design such a DMLH where the general public and disaster responders share materials on DML. In the early 21 century, measures against large-scale earthquakes should essentially include both hardware disaster mitigation measures like the construction of appropriate structures and software measures like disaster preparedness among people and organizations such as the general public, disaster responders and related organizations. We define knowledge about disaster response management and competency as DML. Our analysis of documents on the incident command system (ICS), an emergency response system under the United States Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), found 56 positions of disaster responders in ICS defined by 35 actions required for four types of disaster response competency. The above analysis led us to propose that DML consist of three elements: knowledge for learning about disaster management and mitigation, skills required for effective disaster response, and basic competency and attitudes for coping with disasters. For conceptual DMLH design based on the Instructional Design (ID), we propose three types of learning: 1 The general public and disaster responders learn audiovisually using training videos and materials and review tests on learn from videos. 2 People who want to provide education and training at schools or in regions or municipalities with school teacher guidance/teaching plans learn how to do so. 3 People learn DML by posting or searching for (collecting and arranging) materials. We discuss how to publish such learning programs, taking as a specific example a life reconstruction support system (to put disaster victims' lives back in order) based on victims' master database. st

<p>2011年東日本大震災から2年を迎えた被災者の生活再建の現状を明らかにするため、質問紙調査を実施し1,006票の回答を得た。被災者の復興実感について、約9割が「進んでいる実感が持てない」「想定よりも遅れている」と答えており、復興実感がわかない理由を尋ねたところ「住まいの見通しがたたない」、「堤防・漁港の復興が進んでいない」と回答していた。また震災前の地域への帰還については、約3分の2が「地域に戻らない」と答えており、その理由として「津波に対する不安」「除染が進まない」「住まい確保の見通しがたたない」と回答していた。</p><p>仕事の満足度は約6割が「満足度が低い」、収入の変化は過半数が「減った」と回答した。生活全体を支える仕事に生きがいを見いだせずに、意欲をなくしつつある被災者の苦悩が明らかになった。家族関係については、家族形態・住居形態の別なく関係が悪化する回答者の存在が明らかになった。年代別で見ると、高齢者だけでなく、40代・50代の働き盛り層について、地域や職場、家庭において復興の担い手として取り組み続けてきたが、この1年で体調等を悪化させ、震災から2年を迎える中で「中折れ現象」が発生している。東日本大震災では、同じ集落・市町村内などが広域に被害・影響を受け、「すまいの見通し」が立てづらく「すまいの決断」ができないまま「復興実感」に至らず、「家族関係」や「こころとからだ」が悪化している現状が明らかになった。</p>

<p>We clarified the behaviors, changing in residences and life reconstruction processes of disaster victims sufferedfrom Kii Peninsula flood disaster (the Typhoon No.12 in 2011), which is the biggest semimountainous floodingdisaster in Japan since WWII. We conducted the social random sampled surveys in affected area of Nara prefecturesixteen months after disaster occured. We adopted some scales that were created by the quality and quantitativesurvey of the 1995 Hanshin-Awaji (Kobe) Earthquake disaster and validated a common and a difference point andthe generality of the results of the two disasters. The life reconstruction processes of the two disasters are the samestage and timing.</p>

<p>It is a case study research that Kumagaya (in Saitama prefecture) Local Meteorological Observatory practiced disaster management education to raise "zest to live" of children for in cooperation with the Board of Education and local schools. It developed a learning program about response behavior and evacuation drill after/during earthquake using Earthquake Early Warning System. In cooperation with the Board of Education, all public schools in Saitama(approximately 1,500) carried out the training and the education originally. The notable point of the program is that a teacher can add an inventive idea (originality and ingenuity) to the program because the flexibility of the design of the program is high. So he/she can make a program with form most suitable for the children of the school.</p>

<p>The Great East Japan Earthquake hit eastern Japan on March 11th., 2011. It is called the textbook for the Tokai, the Tonankai and the Nankai Earthquake that are predicted to occur in the near future. In this quake many helicopters played their active role, but several issues appeared in operating them. These issues have remained from the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake which was the first case to operate many relief helicopters, but there was no analysis and no assessment conceming them. In the case of three quakes occurring at the same time, so many helicopters would fly to the affected area according to the corresponding plan. In this paper, the author would like to analyze and propose a new system to better utilize relief helicopters.</p>

<p>Business continuity plan must be constructed in order to promote the restoration from the impact of the major disasters. Business impact analysis, which is conducted on the qualitative or quantitative data basis, is needed for assessing the feasibility of the plan. We proposed the spatial data assessment because resource management is the crucial issue for realizing the business continuity plan. Nippon Expressway Company Limited, one of designated public institutions, has the obligation of supporting disaster response operation of the road restorations. NEXCO constructed the proactive and active business continuity plan and tested those efficacies using business impact map.</p>

<p>We had a huge earthquake in March 11th, 2011 called "the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake". At this catastrophe, two kinds of issues were concemed; one is that many new kinds of support programs would be created, the other is that the supporting period for victims' life reconstruction would be much longer than one at other past disasters. Against this issue, we designed and developed the "Victims Master Database Management System" as the web-based service providing system, and we installed this to Iwate prefecture actually. Now, 7 cities and towns have started to utilize our system. Especially, Miyako city clarified the situation of progress in victims life reconstruction storing 64 types of their supporting process in Victims Master Database through our system.</p>

<p>The purpose of this study is to clarify the development of efficient maps at prefectural government level in the recovery period. This paper investigated the map needs of staffs responding to the disaster from geospatial viewpoint and its application to activities of EMT (Emergency Mapping Team) for the 2011 Off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake, especially targeting on the case of health and human services. In addition, a trial of dynamic map was conducted to support self-manufacturing decision-making maps.</p>

<p>This study proposed the educational and training model to improve the competence of disaster responders of local governments in long-term disaster process including relief, recovery and restoration. We applied the concept of instructional design in psychology or pedagogy fields to design the educational and exercise programs using the concept of ADDIE. The model consist of seven steps, 1)setting learning objectives from responders' competencies in disaster situation, 2)developing the lesson plans, 3)setting preparation meetings to plan and operate the learn, drill and exercise programs to develop abilities of organizational management, 4)putting lesson plans in execution learning stage, 5)taking a rehearsal of exercise as drill stage, 6)working out exercise of disaster response to citizens as exercise stage, 7)evaluating all steps and stages to improve the programs.</p>

<p>2011年3月11日午後に発生した東北地方太平洋沖地震は、M9.0の巨大地震であり、複数の都県が同時被災した超広域災害となった．この未曽有の災害に対して、国レベルでの状況認識の統一を図るために東北地方太平洋沖地震応急地図作成チームが産官学で結成され、災害発生翌日から内閣府防災担当の特別会議室で約1か月半の活動を展開した。そこでは、非常に多くの組織・個人が交代で関わる中で、一定の質を担保した地図を作成することが求められた。</p><p>本研究は内閣府EMTの活動を地図作成の事例として、実際にその現場でユーザーニーズに基づいて作成された地図がどのように可視化されたのかを、可視化に直接かかわる機能面と、間接的に関わる処理要素の観点からの分析を踏まえて、国レベルの対応現場で必要とされる可視化スキルについて一般化の提案を行った。</p>

<p>We had a huge earthquake in March 11th, 2011 called "the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake''. This caused many kinds of disasters and the wide-area damage all over the eastern of Japan. Against this catastrophe, we decided to establish the emergency mapping team and to realize the development of Common Operational Picture (COP) among the responders of ministries and agencies in the central government. There are, however, two big problems. First is that we had to collect and integrate many kinds and large volume of information, second is that it took much more time to figure out the actual damage. As the way to solve these problems, we selected "Mash Up Spatial lnformation''. In this activities, we realize the development of COP creating 500 maps in one and half month.</p>

<p>In the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake occurred on March 11th, we shed light on the characteristics of the data sharing among public offices. They sent or exchanged paper-based information because of security, defacing, divulgation and personal information, so they have to entry from non-electronic data manually when they need digital data set. We proposed necessity of clarifying the standards of data entry and data set and constructed the data format of "evacuees in shelters data set" using the three disaster-affected local governments.</p>

<p>We clarified the generalization of the behaviors and the life reconstruction processes of disaster victims suffered from the Hanshin-Awaji (Kobe) Earthquake in 1995, the Mid Niigata Prefecture Earthquake in 2004 and the Niigataken Chuetsu-oki Earthquake in 2007 through the analysis of the data from the social random sampled surveys. We found the generalizations in many aspects about 1) changes in the dwelling places of the victims, 2) personal and emotional support, material and financial assistance, or assistance in receiving vital information, 3) long-term recovery and life reconstruction process, 4) responsibilities among individuals, communities, and governments for mitigation or preparedness.</p>

This paper develops a training and exercise program to improve the competence of disaster responders in emergency situations. The concept of instructional design, one of the theories of learning in the field of education, is used to set learning goals and develop the overall training and exercise program. The learning program developed in the study includes three stages of learning: “learning,” “drilling,” and “exercising.” The program has been improved through three implementations. As a result, evaluations of the effectiveness of the program of training and practice show that it effectively improves one’s disaster response competencies.

<p>It is crucial to accumulate experiences in emergency responses and share with others to prepare for disasters. Butauthorities in charge of disaster preparedness have yet to implement effectual disaster-prevention systems. It is often because many of them are untrained local officials who are reshuffled periodically. The study aims to develop a training system under which emergency management personnel can acquire skills necessary in a time of disaster. It also explores ways to draw up an efficient management system that will constantly reinforce and enhance lessons obtained from actual experiences of emergency responses.</p>

<p>This paper shows the method of education program and material for disaster mitigation and preparedness using victims' experiences of regional historical disaster; the cases of the 1944 Tonankai Earthquake and the 1945 Mikawa Earthquake which occurred in Aichi prefecture. This method consists of five steps: 1)analyzing students' and teachers' needs for education for disaster mitigation and preparedness, 2)designing educational programs and materials which indicate knowledge or lessons of disaster, 3) developing educational materials using victims' story and pictures, 4)implementing programs using materials, 5)evaluating educational effect.</p>

The Victims with special needs require the support for going through each phase; 1) move to evacuation site, 2) live in evacuation shelters, 3) live in temporary housings, 4) rebuild the life. The final destination of those supports must be the self-reliance efforts to realize rebuild the life after disaster; however, the process is never planned as the whole. Japan Association of Certified Care Workers sent the professional volunteers to the disaster-stricken area of the Niigataken Chuetsu-oki Earthquake in 2007. We interviewed some of them to build the hypothesis and surveyed 50 of them to clarify the situation on the evacuation site. We also found the 7 Livelihood Domain JACCW Model could be used as the framework to support the victims with special needs after the disaster.

<p>This paper shows the support organizations in the case of Niigataken Chuetsu-oki Earthquake in 2007were divided into 4 categories; Establised, Expanding, Extending and Emergent organization. Their 8 operations were examindedwhat aspects were effective or ineffective. Those verifications were related with the 4 categories they were classified into. The activities made by the support organization were sometimes unregarded and have no concrete source of revenue. Preparing to the future Super-Extensive disaster, it is time to think about the development of support system for enabling effective response to disasters.</p>

<p>This paper discusses about program evaluation on long-term recovery plan of the 1995 Kobe earthquake and the 2004 Niigata-Cyuetsu earthquake. Based on program evaluation scheme, mid-term and final evaluation of the Kobe earthquake is analyzed and techniques applicable for evaluation of Japanese long-term plan are clarified. Comprehensive approach for evaluating long-term recovery plans based on program evaluation scheme were developed from the case study in evaluation of long-term recovery process in Ojiya city.</p>

<p>The purpose of this study is to review the role of AAR, which can ensure its efficient and effective utilization, and to clarify ways to prepare an AAR so that lessons learned from countermeasures against disasters can be widely shared.This study also reports concerns found through the preparation process of the AARs on the 2007 Noto Peninsula Earthquake and Niigata Chuetsu Offshore Earthquake by the Cabinet Office's division in charge of disaster emergency measures, as well as matters that surfaced through the analysis on how these reports were utilized. In addition, it introduces ways on how to prepare a standard AAR and its appropriate contents so that the report can be utilized effectively.</p>

<p>This study proposes the method for standard resource management which stresses on two issues based on observation through the participation of logistics operations in Niigata Prefecture from July 21 until August 31 2007 after the Niigata-ken Chuetsu-Oki Earthquake occurred on July 16, 2007. The first issue comes to the establishment of an integrated management approach. The other one is concerning the resource management structure. This study is aimed to improve the unification of situation recognition; the efficient information integration and communication of while the emergency response.</p>