MICHIKO BANBA

The scheme was developed to dispatch manpower to assist local governments affected by natural disaster in emergency phase. In addition to that, local governments proceed to rectify agreements for cooperation to dispatch their staffs to assist each other. However, those schemes are not proven the effectiveness in emergency phase, and it is pointed out that it is likely the emergency management system of the government to accept manpower does not work effectively. Thus, in this study, in order to analyze problems of management system to accept manpower from other local governments, how the system was operated to manage manpower from other local governments is analyzed when Kurashiki City was affected by heavy rainfall in 2018. From the analysis, it is found that following three points are important for effective management system to accept manpower from other local governments as follows: a) the system should be operated according to characteristics of manpower dispatch system and management process, b) job description assigned to dispatched staffs before the operation, c) the determination of the section in charge of management of the system.

This study clarified the actions and spatial characteristics of water resistant housing in Takeo City, Saga Prefecture, which experienced consecutive floods in 2019 and 2021, and discussed the factors that enabled the housing mitigation were suvivors' insurance coverage, information gathering through proactive communication with neighbors, and risk perception of flood damage. Regarding spatial characteristics, the respondents tended to be older, had lived in the neighborhood longer, and were more aware of the expected depth of flooding. Based on these characteristics, it is necessary to pursue measures to promote the housing mitigation before and after disasters.

Mabi district of Kurashiki City was seriously damaged by flood in 2018. Over 4,000 houses were completely damaged. Questionnaire survey was conducted to study housing recovery behavior of victims in reconstruction of damaged houses after flood. Housing recovery behavior was analyzed whether they applied water-proof countermeasures or not in relation with the knowledge about flood hazard information, acquirement of river improvement construction works and the risk perception towards flood. It was found that only 20% of respondents applied water-proof countermeasures, such as raising level of ground, elevation of foundation in housing reconstruction. It is assumed that one of the reasons is victims risk perception that flood risks will be reduced after the completion of river improvement construction, therefore, they do not need to apply water-proof countermeasures.

<p>With the recent rise of flood risk, the importance of planning to reduce flood risk has become larger. After the amendment of planning law and related law in 2020, the legislation tends to become more strict, however, the efficacy of the amendment depends on how the laws are implemented by local governments. In this paper, we focus on prefecture ordinace which is expected to play an important role to regulate developments considering flood risks. Ordinances of prefectures were surveyed and contents were analyzed to find some good practices although the limited number of prefectures enacted ordinaces related to development regulation for flood risk reduction. Also, some issues related to city planning, which should be addressed by local governments were identified.</p>

<p>Land use management considering disaster risks is becoming more essential under depopulating society in Japan. The Shiga Integrated Flood Management Ordinance enacted on March 31, 2014 stipulated the obligation that realestate agencies should make efforts to give their customers appropriate flood risk information prior to a real estate transaction. In this study, questionnaire surveys for real estate agencies in Shiga Prefecture were conducted for understanding current status of the agencies' compliance with the audinance. It revealed that about 70% of all the real estate agencies provide flood risk information and presented several issues to enhance more risk communication.</p>

With the increase of flood risk, land use and building control measures are expected to play roles to mitigate flood risks although city planning measures are not utilized effectively in Japan. Shiga prefecture has enacted an ordinance and developed comprehensive programs for flood management based on detailed flood hazard information, which is a progressive approach by the prefectural government. In this paper, effectiveness of the program is evaluated from land use and building control with the comparative analysis with the French planning system based on PPRN, which consists of flood hazard information and flood management plan. Possibilities of Shiga ordinance in terms of land use and building control are clarified and subjects for the effective planning system and the operation are pointed out.

In this paper, intentions of victims towards housing reconstruction and important factors in decision making on where to live and whether rebuilding own houses or living in public housing were analyzed. Data were gathered through questionnaire survey distributed and collected by mail, which was conducted three years after the earthquake. Targets were disaster victims who live in privately rented housing provided as temporary housing in Sendai after the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami. It was found that only half of them had the plan for permanent housing at the moment. Regarding factors related to housing reconstruction, convenience of location of houses were the evaluated most important, and the living with people of the former community was the least important.

The land use control for natural disaster prevention has not sufficiently developed so far in Japan while a unique system in this field has been established and in operation in France for nearly 30 years. The characteristics of the French system are found in (1)its disaster-prevention-specific planning system independent of standard city planning system, (2)regulation by practical zoning harmonized with actual land use, (3)comprehensive land use control combined with regulation, insurance and risk information disclosure, and (4)direct intervention by the central government. It is still evolving putting more emphasis on ex ante disaster prevention measures. By clarifying this French system as a whole, the authors try to induce policy implications to improve the Japanese disaster prevention policy utilizing land use control.

The policy of land use control for natural disaster prevention has not been sufficiently developed so far in Japan while a set of unique systems have been established in the field of flood prevention in England. The characteristics of the English systems are found in their flexible and process-oriented planning permission, comprehensive land use control combined with regulations, insurance and risk information disclosure, and indirect intervention by the central government. By clarifying these English systems as a whole, the authors try to induce policy implications to improve the Japanese disaster prevention policy utilizing land use control.

Decentralization in city planning has been promoted in Japan, and it will continue thereafter. It is important to find the solution in the case the benefit of the municipal government has a conflict with the national or regional benefit. The aim of this paper is to study legal system and roles of national, state and municipal governments of the Netherlands to find the approach of city planning in decentralized society. In Netherlands, discussion among and between different layers of governments is a base for any decisions in city planning. Points of the amendment of Spatial Planning Act and its implementation are studied to clarify how the national, state and municipal governments coordinate in planning in decentralization.

"Call-in" is a part of the UK planning system relating to intervention by the national government. The Secretary of State may call applications for planning permission in for his own determination instead of leaving the decision to the local authority. Surprisingly to Japanese common sense, not a few call-in cases including large scale retail stores have been executed every year. Why can the national government really intervene in local authority's decision on such individual developments. The authors try to answer the question, and demonstrate the substantial reasons that proper in the UK. Moreover, the authors indicate that the most fundamental reason is that local governments in the UK do not have general competence including planning administration, which is completely different from Japan.

In this Paper, a simulation model to evaluate disaster medical conveyance system for wide area disaster was developed and simulated on Shizuoka City using data of estimation of Tokai Earthquake. This simulation model using spatial data of spatial, fire station, roads and so on is able to evaluate the efficiency of medical conveyance system. The effectiveness of information sharing between ambulance and hospitals, and triage on the site to shorten conveyance time and treatment time was analyzed. As a result, the importance of information sharing combining with the usage of triage was found to improve the efficiency of disaster medical conveyance system.

New Zealand's land use management for disaster mitigation is based on the idea of the sustainable management of natural and humane resources, and disaster is considered one of the factors of natural environment. The current framework was formulated with the enforcement of restructure of the governments, law reform, and privatization of public service, and decentralization of power provides local governments with the authority to implement land use management for disaster mitigation. In this study, New Zealand's land use management for disaster mitigation is analyzed and issues are discussed from the perspective of legal and administrative framework. The knowledge obtained in this study is considered useful in discussing the Japanese land use management system for disaster mitigation.

<p>Land use planning and management is not utilized in Japan for disaster management although it is considered one of the countermeasures and under the investigation of its applicability. Also, risk management is a rising framework for disaster management in these years. In this paper, land use planning and management method is studied to extract essential factors through the case study of Wellington City of New Zealand from the risk management perspective. Then, the land use planning method incorporating management point of view and applicable for the municipal government is developed based on the foundlings from the case study.</p>