Yasuro Uchida

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019. Since the establishment of the World Trade Organization in 1995, international standardization of intellectual property (IP) has become more important as multinational enterprise form their international competitive advantages. This activity means “the internationalization of IP.” In addition, Internet of Things (IoT) has become important in recent years, and the activities of related technologies are being aggressively promoted. What is important in IoT is the development of an environment that can utilize this technology regardless of industry type. In other words, it is “inter-industrialization of IP.” Today’s technological development competition is inevitably the “inter-industrialization of IP” while at the same time the “internationalization of IP.” Moreover, when internationalization and inter-industrialization are promoted at the same time, it turns out that there is a big change in the role of IP. In the past, one of the roles of IP was to generate a source of revenues from royalties, but what is now increasing in IoT-related business fields is actually royalty-free. Thus, a paradigm shift in IoT field has occurred. Now there are more cases where patent holders have made their IP royalty-free. Consequently, it is royalty-free IP that holds the key to the paradigm shift in the IoT field. Why royalty-free cases are increasing is examined in detail along with the phenomenon’s background in this chapter. Furthermore, this chapter aims to clarify what kind of technology strategy is required for MNEs promoting technology development in such a complex business environment. At the same time, a new “viewpoint of inter-industrial business studies” is added to existing international business studies.

© 2015, International Academy of Business and Economics. All rights reserved. The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between the technology and the diffusion process. Even if the product includes a good technology, it’ll not always be successful. But, even if the product doesn’t include a good technology, it may be successful. This paper will try to discuss about the cause of this difference. To inspect the distance, this paper will argue the diffusion process of USB and IEEE1394, standardization process and the competitive advantage.

This paper explores the relationship between user-driven standard and royalty-free (RF) basis of the international standardization. Recently, international standards have played a critical role in globalized businesses. However, this does not simply mean that we now have international rules denned in the TBT Agreement (Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade) by the WTO. Many Japanese manufacturers today struggle with approaches for generating revenues from innovative technologies, and hence, investigate a business model that utilizes international standards. Characteristics of modern international standards tend to differ from those of traditional de facto standards. In general, modern standards are predefined by consensus. With such practice, it is difficult to generate revenues. Hence, the best approach is to develop a business model that utilizes intellectual property (IP). International standards contain a variety of IP. This is why a business model that can associate IP with profit-making strategies has drawn attention, particularly among Japanese manufactures with innovative technologies. Recently, we have witnessed intellectual property on a RF basis. Typically, SDOs (Standard Developing Organization) promote the development of standardization, but for some cases, they require RF instead of RAND (Reasonable and Non Discriminatory Licensing). Such a trend indicates that companies with IP should review their existing business models. From the viewpoint of these issues, this paper specifically explores questions such as "what has caused this trend to emerge?" and "what would be the implication of this trend on companies owning IP?"

The purpose of this paper is to examine the issue of resource strategies in the development of emerging markets. Shintaku and Amano, a major study on this issue, proposed that discontinuities in market conditions between developed and emerging markets interfere with the continuous exploitation of home-based resources in emerging markets. Based on the empirical evidence (for e.g., in the case of Shiseido and YKK) and existing literatures on strategic management and IB, we examined the relationship between the continuous and discontinuous use of home-based resources of MNEs in the development of emerging markets. In this article, we propose that there is a "width" to weigh placing on home-based resources in the development of emerging markets, which gives rise to three resource strategy issues. First, when a large weight is ascribed to home-based resources in emerging market development, there will be no serious strategic issues in resource utilization (for e.g., the case of Shiseido in China). Second, when a large weight is ascribed to new resources (i.e., weight of home-based resources is small), then the discontinuity of home-based resource transfer will cause an incompatibility dilemma between the home-based resources and newly developed resources (for e.g., the case of YKK in China). Third, in addition to this original discontinuity concept, if the cost of integration with new resources and the transfer of home-based resources are extremely high, then it may cause serious management problems. By analyzing a continuum framework of the continuity and discontinuity of home-based resource transfers, we believe that it is possible to provide a theoretical basis for the issue of resource strategy in the development of emerging markets.

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